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Anatomy I > Lecture 41 and 42: Urinary Microanatomy I and II > Flashcards

Lecture 41 and 42: Urinary Microanatomy I and II Flashcards

1
Q

2 layers of kidney capsule

A

outer
inner

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2
Q

what is the capsule of kidney continuous with

A

connective tissue of walls of calyces and renal pelvis

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3
Q

which layer of kidney capsule is adjacent to parenchyma

A

inner layer

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4
Q

capsule outer layer: features and function

A

fibroblasts, collagen
protection

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5
Q

capsule inner layer: features and function

A

myofibroblasts
contractibility, aid in resisting volume and pressure variations

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6
Q

2 components of kidney parenchyma

A

cortex
medulla

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7
Q

what 2 structures make up medulla

A

renal pyramids
renal columns

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8
Q

renal pyramid

A

pyramidal tissue masses within medulla

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9
Q

renal columns: definition and function

A

spaces in between renal pyramids
where blood vessels pass through

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10
Q

renal lobe: 2 components

A

renal pyramid + adjacent renal cortex and column tissue (cortical region)

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11
Q

each lobe drains into

A

1 minor calyx

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12
Q

renal papilla

A

pyramid projection into minor calyx

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13
Q

area cribosa

A

surface of papilla with openings of papillary ducts

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14
Q

path of urine from kidney to bladder

A

minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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15
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron/uriniferous tubule

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16
Q

uriniferous tubule: 2 components

A

nephron + collecting duct

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17
Q

2 tubules in nephron

A

proximal
distal

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18
Q

each tubule is divided into 2 regions

A

straight
convoluted

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19
Q

what 3 structures make up the loop of henle

A

straight region of proximal tubule
straight region of distal tubule
thin loop of henle

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20
Q

what structures make up the renal tubule

A

straight and convoluted regions of both proximal and distal tubules
thin loop of henle

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21
Q

which nephron structure is not included as part of the renal tubule

A

renal corpuscle

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22
Q

renal corpuscle function

A

filter blood in capillaries –> form ultrafiltrate in urinary space

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23
Q

2 components of renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus
glomerular/bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

2 features of glomerulus

A

-renal corpuscle
-fenestrated capillary bundle
-afferent and efferent arteriole

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25
Q

2 layers of glomerular capsule

A

parietal
visceral

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26
Q

epithelium of parietal layer: glomerular capsule

A

simple squamous

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27
Q

visceral layer: glomerular capsule

A

layer of podocytes that covers glomerulus

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28
Q

pedicels

A

secondary processes that interdigitate
foot processes that extend from podocytes and wrap themselves around capillaries of glomerulus to form filtration slits

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29
Q

what forms filtration slits: glomerular capsule

A

pedicels

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30
Q

2 specialized cells in renal corpuscle

A

mesangial cells
podocytes

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31
Q

mesangial cells: definition and functions

A

modified smooth muscle cells
secrete extracellular matrix (mesangium) for support
regulate glomerular distension (contraction)
keep glomerular filtration apparatus clean from filtration residues

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32
Q

3 components of glomerular filtration apparatus

A

glomerular endothelium
glomerular basement membrane
podocyte filtration slits

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33
Q

what kind of capillaries are found in glomerular epithelium

A

fenestrated

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34
Q

glomerular basement membrane features

A

thick basal lamina with collagen, laminin, fibronectin, entactin

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35
Q

podocyte filtration slits definition

A

filtration slit diaphragm
zipper like frame of nephrin and adhesion proteins

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36
Q

glomerular filtration apparatus: contributions of each region

A

fenestrations = size selective filter
basal lamina = physical barrier and ion selective filter
filtration slit diaphragm = size selective filter

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37
Q

Proximal tubule of kidney: functions

A

Reabsorption of ions and fluid
Secretion of calcitriol

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38
Q

Calcitriol

A

Increases Ca+ uptake and concentration in blood
Secreted in proximal tubule of kidney

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39
Q

Convoluted/straight regions of proximal tubule: histology

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
Microvilli brush border
Lateral and basal folds
Many mitochondria, vesicles and lysosomes at basal

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40
Q

Thin loop of henle: functions

A

Absorption of fluid by countercurrent exchange with vasa recta
Concentrate urine

41
Q

countercurrent exchange: definition and transport of fluid

A

Gradient dependent transport of fluid into blood
Lower osmolarity in ultrafiltrate, higher osmolarity in blood plasma —> fluid transport into blood
Occurs in thin loop of henle

42
Q

Thin loop of henle: epithelium (hint: remember function)

A

Simple squamous epithelium

43
Q

Distal tubule of renal tubule: function

A

Selective secretion and absorption of ions

44
Q

Osmoregulation of distal tubule : secretion vs absorption

A

Secretion to ultrafiltrate if high concentration of ions in blood
Absorption if low concentration of ions in blood

45
Q

What ion is juxtaglomerular apparatus specific to

A

Sodium

46
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus functions

A

sensor that helps maintain sodium homeostasis and regulates blood pressure

47
Q

Where is juxtaglomerular apparatus located

A

Distal tubule of renal tubule

48
Q

Distal tubule: histology

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium
No clear cell borders
Many mitochondria

49
Q

Proximal vs distal tubule: epithelium difference

A

Proximal = simple squamous
Distal = simple cuboidal

50
Q

blood supply kidney

A

renal artery and vein

51
Q

2 arterioles in kidney

A

afferent
efferent

52
Q

afferent arteriole: blood flow

A

from renal artery to glomerular capillaries

53
Q

efferent arteriole: blood flow

A

from glomerular capillaries to cortical and medullar capillaries

54
Q

efferent arteriole: function

A

nourish cortical and medullary tissue

55
Q

efferent arteriole: 2 types of capillary networks

A

peritubular cortical
peritubular medullary

56
Q

efferent arteriole: peritubular cortical capillary network

A

reabsorption of ultrafiltrate in cortex
endothelium secretes erythropoietin

57
Q

erythropoietin: function

A

increase rate of production of RBCs in response to falling levels of oxygen in tissues

58
Q

efferent arteriole: peritubular medullary capillary network

A

vasa recta for countercurrent exchange
in thin henle loop

59
Q

where is erythropoetin secreted

A

endothelium of peritubular cortical capillary network within efferent arteriole of kidney

60
Q

2 components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula dense
juxtaglomerular cells

61
Q

juxtaglomerular cells functions (2)

A

monitor sodium concentration in blood
secrete renin

62
Q

macula densa function

A

monitor sodium concentration in ultrafiltrate
secrete ATP, adenosine, NO and prostaglandins to stimulate juxtaglomerular cells

63
Q

when do juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin

A

low concentration of sodium in blood

64
Q

when does macula dense stimulate juxtaglomerular cells

A

low concentration of sodium in ultrafiltrate

65
Q

renin function/effects (renin-angiotensin aldosterone system)

A

increase reabsorption of sodium = fluid transfer from tissues to blood = greater blood volume
increases blood pressure

66
Q

collecting duct of kidney: function

A

conduct urine into minor calices

67
Q

3 regions of collecting ducts

A

cortical collecting duct
medullary collecting duct
papillary duct

68
Q

cortical and medullary collecting ducts: epithelium

A

cuboidal epithelium

69
Q

2 types of cells found in kidney collecting ducts

A

light cells
dark cells

70
Q

collecting duct light cells: stimulated by, function

A

stimulated by ADH (antidiuertic hormone)
provide water permeability

71
Q

collecting duct dark cells: function (general)

A

acid base balance

72
Q

dark cells response when blood is too basic

A

secrete carbonate into urine to decrease pH

73
Q

dark cells response when blood is too acidic

A

secrete H+ to increase pH

74
Q

papillary duct: epithelium

A

columnar

75
Q

are light or dark cells more predominant

A

light

76
Q

location of papillary ducts

A

distal
toward papillary tip

77
Q

2 regions within outer medulla

A

thin stripe
thick stripe

78
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

juxtamedullary
cortical

79
Q

juxtamedullary nephron: appearance, function

A

long looped
performs most urine concentration

80
Q

cortical nephrone: appearance, function

A

short looped
performs most filtration/absorption

81
Q

microanatomy of urinary passages (mucosa, etc)

A

mucosa: transitional epithelium
lamina propria: fibroelastic CT
muscularis: smooth and CT, peristalsis
adventia: peritoneum

82
Q

transitional epithelium in urinary passages aka

A

uroepithelium

83
Q

uroepithelium: features, specialized cells

A

stratified
surface cells, intermediate cells, basal cells
-highly distensible
impermeable to water and salts

84
Q

what structure makes uroepithelium impermeable to water and salts

A

urothelial plaques

85
Q

urothelial plaques definition

A

lipid layer on surface of superficial cells

86
Q

uroepithelial surface cells: function

A

secrete lipids/urothelial plaques to make epithelium imermeable to water and salt

87
Q

surface cells location

A

apical surface of epithelium

88
Q

distended vs undistended lumen: uroepithelium

A

distended: cells flattened (bladder empty)
undistended: cells are round and bulge into lumen (bladder full of urine)

89
Q

what muscle is found in muscularis layer of urinary bladder

A

detrusor muscle

90
Q

rugae in bladder: function

A

folds that give bladder distensible property

91
Q

which layer of bladder is rugae located

A

mucosa

92
Q

3 male urethras

A

-prostatic
-pelvic
-penile

93
Q

prostatic vs pelvic vs penile urethra: epithelium

A

prostatic: transitional
pelvic: stratified/pseudostratified columnar
penile: stratified squamous nonkeratinized

94
Q

female urethra is divided into ________ regions

A

2

95
Q

2 regions of female urethra

A

initial segment
terminal segment

96
Q

initial vs terminal segment of female urethra: epithelium

A

initial: transitional
terminal: stratified squamous nonkeratinized

97
Q

paraurethral mucus glands: definition and function

A

open to urethra of both males and females
lubrication and protection

98
Q

where does filtration occur within renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus

99
Q

where is urinary space within renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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