Lecture - Lower limb muscles Flashcards
First, what is in the superficial fascia and what is the deep fascia? What is the deep fascia called in the leg and thigh?
- Superficial fascia: fat, cutaneous nerves, lymph, superficial veins and arteries
- Deep fascia: decreases friction, aids venous return, forms inter muscular septa and compartments
- Deep fascia in thigh = fascia lata (ITB on lateral side is the thickened fascia lata)
- Deep fascia in leg is crural fascia (thickening of this in foot forms retinacula)
Iliotibial Tract
- What is it?
- Provides attachment for what? (2)
- Stabalises what?
- Extends from where to where?
- Thickened band of deep fascia of thigh (fascia lata)
- Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae muscles
- Iliac crest to lateral condyle of tibia
- It stabilises femur on tibia (allows knee extensors to relax when standing)
What are the hip joint extensors (2) and what is the nerve supply?
- Gluteus maximus (attaches onto ITB) and nerve supply = inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1,2). It’s part of the SUPERFICIAL GLUTEAL GROUP
- Hamstrings - have 3 of them:
-biceps femoris with one head on femur’s linear aspera and one on ischial tuberosity. Goes to later side on fibula head
-Semimembranosus and semitendinosus both go from ischial tuberosity to medial side of knee.
POSTERIOR THIGH GROUP is innervated by sacral plexus (L4,5 to S3)
What are the hip joint flexors? (3) and what nerve supplies?
- PELVIC GROUP: Iliopsoas (has illiacus and psoas major + minor)
- ANTERIOR THIGH GROUP: sartorius and rectus femoris.
Sartorius:
-ASIS to Pes anserinus (smooth part on medial side of knee)
Quads:
-rectus femoris (superficial and I think this is the one flexor our of the 4 because it’s the only one that goes from AIIS to tibia tuberosity - the others go from femur to tibial tuberosity)
-vastus lateralis
-vastus intermedius (deep to rectus femoris)
-vastus medialis
=========these all end up in quad tendon and then patella ligament to knee=======
So, these are innervated by lumbar plexus (L1-4)
What are the hip joint abductors (2) and what are they innervated by?
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- both go to greater trochanter and are part of superficial gluteal group. Maximus is part of the group but it aint an abductor - just extensor) - Innervated by sacral plexus
What are the hip joint adductors? (5)
Innervation?
- Adductor magnus
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Gracilis (most superficial of these 5 and is on medial side)
- Pectineus
They’re in medial compartment and innervated by lumbar plexus (obturator nerve) so L2-4
What are the lateral and medial hip rotators? (lateral = 6 and medial = 3)
Lateral rotators (stronger) DEEP GLUTEAL GROUP 1. Piriformis 2. Gemullus superior 3. Gemellus inferior 4. Obturator internus 5. Obturator externus 6. Quadratus femoris
Medial rotators (weaker) SUPERFICIAL GLUTEAL GROUP 1. Gluteus medius 2. Gluteus minimus 3. Tensor fascia latae
What are knee joint extensors (1)
Quadriceps femoris and test that by patellar tendon reflex (testing the nerve actually)
What are knee joint flexors (4)
POSTERIOR THIGH GROUP
- Hamstrings (biceps, ST and SM)
- Sartorius
- Gracillis
POSTERIOR LEG GROUP
1. Gastrocnemius
What are knee joint rotators? 4 for medial and 1 for lateral
MEDIAL (aka muscles that are on medial condyle)
- ST
- SM
- Gracilis
- Sartorius
LATERAL
1. BF
They are innervated by the
sciatic nerve- tibial division
(L4,5 S1,2,3) from sacral plexus
What are plantar flexors? 3 in superficial layer and 3 in deep layer
Posterior leg group
-superficial layer
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
-deep layer
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Longus
What are ankle dorsiflexors? (3)
Anterior leg group
Tibialis anterior
EHL
EDL (form extensor hoods)
What inverts (2) and everts the foot (2)
- Foot inverters
-Deep posterior group
Tibialis posterior
- Anterior group
Tibialis anterior - Foot everters
-Lateral group of the leg
FL
FB
What are toe flexors and extensors?
Toe flexors- (posterior
compartment) flexor hallucis
longus & brevis, flexor
digitorum longus & brevis
• Toe extensors- (anterior
compartment)EHL, extensor
digitorum longus and brevis
