Lecture - CVS (Lipoprotein Risk Factors)

Question 1

Slide 5

1. So explain the couse of VLDL
2. What’re chylomicrons made by?
   - metabolised by?
   - if you have elevated TAGs in a nonfasying sample, what do you have elevated levels of? What if it is fasting sample?
3. What’s HDL? What does it do?
4. What do statins upregulate?

Answer 1

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Question 2

Low density lipoprotein

1. So, is it true that LDL is an independent risk factor for heart dsease?
2. Interventions with what lower risk?
3. What’s the evidence in transgenic animal studies?
4. Familial hypercholesterolaemia individuals develop premature heart disease - why? What do they have?
5. What does LDL do to the arterial wall? Include these terms (look at slides 8 and 11):
   - affinity
   - Apo__ protein
   - oxidsed
   - inflammatory
   - cell adhesion molecule
   - macrophages
   - scavenger
   - foam cells
   - thrombosis
6. What are the current interventrions to reduce LDL?
7. Statins:
   - what do they inhibit?
   - what do they lower?
   - do they have benefts beyond cholesterol lowering?
   - what’re the sort of side effects with statins?
8. What’re some other cholesterol lowering drugs under trial (which idk if you need to know) - why do we need more than just statins?

Answer 2

8. Some people might not respond to statins so need more

Question 3

Lipoportein(a) {Lp(a)}

1. What does it look like? I mean, what is it essentally but with an extra add on of something?
2. What is Apo(a) (which is on the outside of an LDL molecule, forming a lipoprotein? Like it’s a homologue of what?
3. So Apo(a) has kringles - you should care how many KIV2’s you have because why?
4. Is it just the number of kringles that affect Lp(a) conc or what?
5. So what do most studies say - is Lp(a) a CVD risk factor?
6. So Lp(a) is bad for you because it has all the qualities of LDL but also interferes with what?
7. Will statin drugs lower Lp(a)? Why?
8. What does lower Lp(a)? Why aren’t they used?
9. A high Lp(a) level should provide incentive to manage what?

Answer 3

3. The smaller the number of kringles (aka smaller the Apo(a)), the more Lp(a) conc

Question 4

High Density Lipoprotein

1. What’re two genetic causes of low HDL?
2. Disease of what organ can lead to low HDL (this is so logical)
3. It can happen secondary to altered lipoprotein metabolism likeeee?
4. What does HDL and athrogensis have to do with each other - what are the protective effects of HDL on athrogenesis?
5. So what are the 4 protective mechanisms displayed by HDL?
6. What’s the evidence for HDL reducing heart disease?
7. What’s a big failed intervention trail?
   - slide 26: what does CETP do? So they tried to do what in this trial that didn’t work out?
8. So what can you do to increase HDL?
   - what can you say about saturated fats and LDL + HDL levels?
9. Tangier Disease
   - is it dominant or recessive?
   - is it common or rare?
   - what do they have heaps of or lack?
   - why do they have orange tonsils? (slide 34)
   - what else do they have?
   - what mutations does this disease come about from?
10. Familial Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
    - common or rare?
    - reduced plasma what?
    - what do you get? (like what disease?)
    - due to mutations in what? Yeah, it’s the same as Tangier but what?

Answer 4

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Question 5

Take home messages

1. The levels of LDL, Lp(a) and HDL are important in assessing the risk of developing what?
2. Non optimal levels should be trated with what?
3. Abnormal lipoprotein levels may what?

Answer 5

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