Lecture - Cancer (Nomenclature)

Question 1

What is the purpose of classification?

Question 2

Prognosis:

1. What does this mean?
2. What factors affect a person’s prognosis?
3. What do survival rates mean?
4. Can we or can’t we be absolutely certain about the outcome for a particular patient?

Question 3

First, what do these terms mean in your own words - as if you were describing them to someone

1. Cancer
2. Tumor
3. Mass
4. Oncology

Question 4

Neoplasia

1. What is this a process of?
2. But also…..(2)
3. Whilst you’re here, how does neoplasia differ from hyperplasia, hypertrophy and metaplasia? Define these with examples

Question 5

Dysplasia

1. What does this mean? It may lead to what?
2. What are the features of dysplasia that you see in tissues?

Question 6

Anaplasia

1. What does this mean?
2. What do anaplastic nuclei look like?
   - what may they produce?

Question 7

Slide 11: Do cancer cells go backwards in terms of differentiation?

Answer 7

No, they just produce a tumor that’s only as differentiated as the initial cell - it won’t go back to being a stem cell etc

Question 8

Metastasis:

1. What does this mean?
2. It is an auto-transplantation phenomenon, what does that mean?

Question 9

What is the difference between ‘In situ” and “invasive carcinoma”?

Question 10

Fill in the table

AND THEN TELL ME THE FOUR EXCEPTIONS that she mentioned

Question 11

What are the four things used to classify tumors?

Answer 11

Behavioural, histogentic, grade and stage

Question 12

Benign neoplasms:

1. How are they different in their growth from malignant tumors?
2. Do they invade the surrounding tissues?
   - how does it expand?
3. Will it metastasize?
4. Does it generally produce harm?
5. How can these tumors produce significant morbidy or mortality?
6. What is the difference between neoplasm and tumor?

Answer 12

Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue, which if it forms a mass, is commonly referred to as a tumor. This abnormal growth (neoplasia) usually but not always forms a mass.

Question 13

Pituitary adenoma

1. You get loss of what?
2. Local _____ growth
3. Space ______
4. What causes the necrosis?
5. ______ of local structures
6. Is it a benign or malignant neoplasm?

Answer 13

Benign

Question 14

What does a microscopic fibroadenoma look like and what is part of it?

What does it look like grossly in the breast?

Is it a benign or malignant neoplasm?

Answer 14

Benign

Question 15

Malignant neoplasms

1. Possess a greater degree of what?
2. Does it expand or invade the local tissues?
3. Does it matastasize?
4. Can it be treated?
5. Can you die from this?

Question 16

Invasive carcinoma

1. Is it benign or malignant?
2. What does it look like?
3. Looking at the photo, is it anaplastic or dysplastic?

Question 17

Breast carcinoma

1. What does it look like?
2. Is it benign or malignant?
3. What are the local effects on the breast?

Question 18

What does peau D’orange mean?

Question 19

1. What does a uterus with a leiomyoma look like?
2. Is it benign or malignant?

3. What does a leiomyosarcoma look like grossly and histologically?
4. Does a leiomya turn into this or?

Slide 30 has a good summary slide for leiomyaoma vs leiomyosarcoma

Question 20

GI tract cancers

1. Go look at slide 31 and for each of the images on the right side tell me about
   - how does it range in terms of differentiation?

Question 21

Fill in this table

Question 22

I feel like you do need to know the different types of tumor within the breast - the are classified by histogentic type - what are the 6? And the additional 7th

Out of these 6, 2 each under “worse prognosis”, “intermediate prognosis” and “favourable prognosis” - tell me them

Question 23

How is immunohistochemistry used to identify the cancer cells?

Answer 23

They have oestrogen receptors

Question 24

You know how you had the histogenic classifications of breat tumors? Alright, now do the same for bronchogenic carcinomas - there are 5 typs

Question 25

**Third type of classification: grading** 1. What is the grading related to? 2. What is grading based on? 3. Is it specific for each tumor type? 4. What is the difference between malignant and benign tumors in terms of grading 5. What do malignant tumors range from?

Answer 25

-

Question 26

What is the grading for breast carcinoma? - what are the scores etc - slide 43 - go have a look at the images

Question 27

More grading 1. What does grading do? Like how does this work? 2. Is this specific to each tumor type too? (slide 49)

Question 28

**Fourth classificatio: Stage** 1. What is prognosis of solid tumors predominantly influenced by? 2. What are the four types of staging and how are they done? 3. in the TNM system, what is staging based on?

Question 29

**Tumor spread (metastases)** 1. What is the initial site of the tumor called? 2. What are soe secondary tumor sites? - these sites vary in frequency between \_\_\_\_\_\_ - do sarcomas commonly metastasise to the lymph nodes?

Question 30

**Metastases: Lymphatic spread** 1. To local ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. What is a senitel node? 3. It can spread to two other places besides the two above

Question 31

**Metastases: More spread** 1. Where else can you get secodnary tumors (slides 57 to 66)

Question 32

**Staging systems: TNM classification** 1. Separately classifies that what? 2. And then groups them into the \_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. Read the rest