Land Based Empires - AP World Flashcards
New Independent Russia
Ivan III refused to pay Mongol tribute, began in Moscow
Ivan the Great (IiI)
Makes Russian rule legitimate, declares himself tsar or ‘third Rome’, asserted control over Orthodox churches
Cossacks
Russian peasant pioneers/military recruits of Ivan III, expanded lead to Muslims in Central Asia in Russian territory
Ivan IV (the terrible)
Establishes absolute monarchy and dies without heir
Romanov Dynasty
Mikhail Romanov is first tsar and reesablished internal order, expanded borders to Ottoman
Ming China
Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, rebelled against Mongols, returned China to Chinese traditions
Ming Political Reforms
Neo-Confucians increased influence, obedience to state, sought to limit influence of bureaucrats
Ming Social reforms
Civil service exams return, Neo-Confucian dominance, peasant life improved
Qing China
Emp. Kangxi expanded to Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia
Emp. Qianlong conquered Nepal but failed to take Burma and Vietnam
Qing Society
Patriarchal and Confucian, starts to decline 1800, rebellions by White Lotus and corruption
Gunpowder Empires
Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, all Islamic
Ottoman Rise
Began in 1350 in Mondern Turkey, Mehmed II led to conquer Constantinople, then took Syria, Egypt, Notth Africa, Hungary, and Black and Red Seas
Ottoman Height
Suleiman the Magnificent led to their height, conquered Eastern Europe and tried to attack Vienna
Ottoman Decline
Internal military problems, Battle of Lepanto damaged navy, ignored Western technological advances
The Shi’a Safavids
Turkish nomadic group, practiced Shi’a Islam. Safi Al Din was a movement to purify Islam, spread religion throughout Turkey
Isma’il and thr Battle of Chaldiran
Isma’il was Emp.
Battle of Chaldiran was a conflict with Ottoman, featured new power of gunpowder, blocked Shi’Islam from spreading west
Abbas the Great
Safavid empire reached height of strength, welcomed European knowledge, wanted to become center of Islam
Safavid Power and Religion
Shahs-claimed to be descendants of Muhammad, Shi’ism expanded
Safavid Society and Economy
Shahs tried to balances power between social classes, land based trade
Safavid Culture
Originally Turkish, later Persian, Mullahs were mosque officials
Rapid Demise of Safavid Empire
Abbas I removed all suitable heirs, weak grandsons followed, admnistraton collapsed
Mughals in India
Babur founded, more interested in territorial expansion, poor admin leader
Mughal-Safavid War
Safavid Victory because Mughals were at war with Hindu Kush group
Mughal Art and Architecture
Blend of Persian and Hindu traditions, considered one of the peaks in Indian culture
Mughal Economy
Trade occurred with Europe in Indian coastal towns, cotton, indigo, silk, textiles. Gov, granted land to military officers and gov. Officials
Mughal Society
Typical hierarchical society, Patriarchal society
Aurangzebs Mistakes
Shah Jana ‘s son, had two foolish goals, wanted to expand all of India, wanted to rid Hinduism in Indian Islam
Hapsburgs
Most powerful family in Europe, ruled the HRE throne
Louis XIV
Absolutism, ignored Estates General, huge supporter of arts for propaganda, “I am the state”
Palace of Versailles
Theater State, Louis XIV required all nobles live here to control them
Russia’s Peter the Great
Absolute monarch who built up tsar control, shifted westward to become a naval power
Westernization in Russia
Drafted peasants to increase army size, merit system, Landlords rewarded for using serfs, did NOT adopt enlightenment or parliament
Japan’s Reunification
Japan weaken by civil war, Toyotomi Hideyoshi reunites
Tokugawa Shogunate
Nakuru government (tent gov.), Tokugawa leyasu consolidated power in Japan, little focus on outside conquests
Tokugawa Economics and Society
Economy was rooted in agriculture, patriarchal and hierarchal society
Tokugawa Culture
Affected by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shintoism, high literacy rates, theaters
Ottoman Sultans and their Court
Sultans are absolute monarchs, vizer system set up, vizers became centralized and Sultans lost control
Ottoman Economic Challanges
One of the wealthiest Empires in world, Inflation from silver, still used Land trade, local gov. pocketed taxes
Ottoman Tax collection systems
Tax farming - gov. auctioned off responsibilities of collecting taxes, winner collected state taxes and kept a portion, led to corruption
Ottoman Military
elites were cavalry, Janissaries were warriors only loyal to sultans
Ottoman Culture
Renaissance period, restored Constantinople and Hagia Sophia
Consolidating Mughal Power in South Asia
Akbar wanted to reunite all of India, created strong administration and reformed tax system
Akbar’s Social and Cultural Reform
Encouraged widow remarriage and intermarriages between Muslims and Hindus
South Asia Under Jahangir and Shah Jahan
Retained tolerance with Hindus, added little territory for Mughal India.
Songhai Empire
Askia Mohammad I seized power under Sunni Ali
Martin Luther protested against
the Catholic Church’s use of indulgences (absolution from punishments for sin) and simony (selling of church offices)
Martin Luther
wrote 95 Thesis, begins Protestant Reformation, excommunicated by Pope Leo X, called a heretic by Emperor Charles V
Germany at War
German Princes get in a conflict with Luther, Charles V wins the war against Protestant Princes, Peace of Augsburg decides ruler decides state religion
Henry VIII
King of England, wanted to divorce wife but Catholic Church would not allow
Anglican Church
Started by King Henry, Parliament passed Act of Supremacy making King Henry the head of the Church
Calvinism
Predestination - God predetermined the people who will be saved
Results of Protestant Reformation
Spread of belief salvation could be achieved by faith alone, supports questioning of leaders, desire to read Bible and be literate, growth of printing press
Catholic Counter Reformation
Council of Trent, Jesuits, Inquisition
Council of Trent
abolished sale of indulgences and other abuses
Jesuits
missionary effort
Edict of Nantes
Religious violence between Hugenot Calvinists and Catholics in France, France grants tolerance towards Hugenots
Thirty Years War
Begins as a religious war between Catholics and Protestants in HRE, turns into war about Hapsburgs power, Treaty of Westphalia decides German princes choose the religion
Islamic Religious Schisms
Ottoman : Siege of Constantinople changes relgion Eastern Orthodox -> Islam
Safavid : Shi’a vs Sunni
Mughal : Muslims vs Hindus but Akbar changed that and Sikhism was created
Scientific Revolution
challenged Catholic Church, belief people could control and calculate environment
Deism
a god created the Earth, but its only role was to set natural laws in motion, reconciles religion with science
