Evolution AP Biology - Dubon Flashcards
evolution
genetic change in population over time
Fitness is determined by
ability to reproduce
Darwin
“father of evolution”, studied finches on Galapocos Islands
Rose Mary and Peter Grant expirement
recreate Darwin’s expirement, 1986 a drought occured and short beaked finches were fit
what determines evolution and what is fit?
environment
Natural Selection
Environment determines fitness
Artificial Selection
humans determine fitness (breeding)
LaMarck
had incorrect theory that offspring received favorable traits
Which kinds of populations are more sensitive to environmental and human created changes
small and homogeneous
Biotic factor
a living thing that affects the ecosystem
abiotic factor
a non living thing that affects the ecosystem
How do you tell a population is evolving?
Hardy-Weinberg equation
Selection pressure
the event that causes change in environment to affect a population
Main Dogma of Life
DNA-RNA-Protien
How do sexually reproducing organisms create genetic diversity?
crossing over during prophase I, random metaphase I alignment, random fertilization (2 unique gametes)
without genetic diversity, there is no
phenotyic variation
single nucleotide polymorphism increases
genetic diversity
MRSA
a form of anti-biotic resistant bacterial strain
Antibiotic resistance example
an example that shows a population that is diverse will survive changes in the environment
Global warming
environmental change that forces evolution, a small change can create a big difference
Sickle RBC
carries O2 poorly, but resistant to malaria
Normal RBC
carries O2 well, but dies to malaria
Malaria/Sickle Cell Anemia
shows Heterozygote advantage as having both alleles is most fit compared to homozygous alleles
Genetic Drift (microevolution)
variation in the next generation by chance
Genetic Drift is significant in which populations?
smaller populations (think flipping a coin 10 vs 10,000 times)
Gene flow
new alleles immigrate into one place, and emigrate becoming lost alleles
Gene Allele Frequency
the % of a gene pool with a specific allele, always adds to 100, Hardy-Weinberg equation
Speciation (macroevolution)
new species being formed, usually through isolation
species
organisms that can mate and produce offspring
Evidence for evolution
Comparative morphology (homologous/ analogous structures), comparative embryology, comparative genetics
sympatric spectation
no physical barrier but reproductively isolated
allopatric speciation
physical barrier and reproductively isolated (most common)
Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms cause
speciation
Temporal
occurs when two species mate at different times of the year
Ecological
occurs when two species occupy different habitats
Behavioral
Occurs when two species have different courtship behaviors
Mechanical
Occurs when physical differences prevent copulation / pollination
Hybrid Inviability
Hybrids are produced but fail to develop maturity
Hybrid infertillity
Hybrids fail to produce functional gametes
Hybrid breakdown
F1 hybrids are fertile, but F2 generation fails to develop properly
The agents of evolution are
females
Phyletic Gradualism
idea that evolution occurs at a slow but steady pace
Punctuated Equilibrium
idea that most of the time species are stable but every now and then an event occurs that prompts rapid change
