Land Flashcards
land overgrown with weeds {CN}
acahualla
canal(s)
(central Mexico, 1583)
[Fuente: see Annals of His Time: Don Domingo de San Anton Mui±on Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, James Lockhart, Susan Schroeder, and Doris Namala, eds. and transl. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), 28, 34, 80, 84, 94, 96, and 158.[Fuente: {CN}
acallotli
canal; canals
central Mexico, sixteenth century
[Fuente: R. Joe Campbell, Florentine Codex Vocabulary, 1997 .] {CN}
acalotli
to support a maize plant so that it will grow {CN}
acatia
seed {CN}
achtli
to plow the land {CN}
actitlaza
He/She-lies-supine; in the Treatise, a metaphorical name for land
(Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629)
[Fuente: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 220.] {CN}
Ahquetztimani
place of the persons who have water; part of a longer expression referring to towns: in ahuacan in tepehuacan = in the towns; water-possessor place, hill-possessor place; part of altepetl (atl + tepetl) (SW) {CN}
ahuacan
to irrigate an orchard or crops {CN}
ahuilia
orchard; or, an intensively cultivated garden (one example specifically mentions growing flowers in the huerta)
(a loanword from Spanish)
[Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 210.] {CN}
alahuerta
a Spanish dry measure, one-twelfth of a fanega, typically used to explain how much land can be planted in this quantify of seed
(a loanword from Spanish)
[Fuente: The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala (1545-1627), eds. James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986), 15; and see Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 26.] {CN}
almud
a plant native to Spain; also called almorta
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
alverjon
papers, land titles {CN}
amayotl
toward the agricultural fields with irrigation, acuatic plantings; also seems to have an association with “south” (likely given that the chinampa agriculture was in the southern part of the capital city)
[Fuente: Miguel Leon-Portilla, “Un testimonio de Sahagiºn aprovechado por Chimalpahin, “ Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 14 (1980), 95–129; see pp. 120–121.] {CN}
amilpampa
protection in one’s possession, e.g. of property
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
amparo
next to the water; i.e. Mexico Tenochtitlan, Mexico City, or the Valley of Mexico; or, on the coast
[Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood’s notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}
anahuac
a metal tool for working the soil, often equated with tlaltepoztli
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
anzadon
to submerge something or irrigate the crops {CN}
apachoa
irrigation ditch {CN}
apamitl
between irrigation ditches {CN}
apantla
to flatten out the ground in order to raise a wall without laying foundations {CN}
aquequeza
ravine, canyon
“sustantivo verbal, ‘barranca, quebrada, cai±ada’. De atl, ‘agua, ‘ acoa, el impersonal de aqui, ‘meterse, penetrar’.”
[Fuente: Thelma Sullivan, Documentos Tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua ni¡huatl (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1987), 40.] {CN}
atlacoua
to dig in relation to water, usually to make excavations related to drainage {CN}
atlatataca
to make the land fertile and introduce irrigation ditches in it {CN}
atocpachoa
thick and fertile soil (see Molina) {CN}
atocpan
alluvial soil; a piece of moist, fertile land
[Fuente: The alluvial soil interpretation comes from: Benno P. Warkentin, Footprints in the Soil: People and Ideas in Soil History (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2006), 23.] {CN}
atoctlalli
thick, humid, and fertile soil (see Molina) {CN}
atoctli
river {CN}
atoyac
river (see Karttunen) {CN}
atoyatl
one who owns property (see Simeon) {CN}
axca hua
possession, property (see Karttunen) {CN}
axcaco
a person with many possessions, someone wealthy (see Karttunen) {CN}
axcahua
possession of property (see Molina) {CN}
axcapializtli
to plant squash seeds {CN}
ayotoca
a general planting of squash seeds; everyone is planting squash seeds {CN}
ayotoco
fallow land
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}barbecho
a considerable piece of land, intended to hold 12 fanegas of seed and measure 552 by 1104 varas (Spanish yards) or 609, 408 square varas, could also be divided into four suertes
(a loanword from Spanish)
[Fuente: John Roy Reasonover, Land Measures (1946).] {CN}
caballeria
a cacao tree {CN}
cacahuacuahuitl
tree planted to give shade to cacao shrubs (see Karttunen) {CN}
cacahuanantli
house lot or some type of parcel or group of furrows near the house {CN}
calacuemitl
good land, main holding generally near house
[Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood’s notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}
calmiltzintli
land of the calpulli, land of the calpolli; possibly land that was used by residents to raise tributes (see attestations); combines calpulli with tlalli
calpullalli = calpulli land
[Fuente: Susan Kellogg, Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500-1700, ( Norman and London: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), p. 222.] {CN}
calpullalli
land planted in cherry trees (or cherry-like fruit) {CN}
capulla
a load; also, a measure of maize seed, which also translates into a certain amount of land (e.g. a field into which can be planted one carga of maize)
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
carga
“Castillian maize, “ i.e. wheat (see attestations, where this is contrasted with “nican tlaolli,” the local grain, i.e. maize/corn) {CN}
caxtillan tlaolli
One Flint; a celendrical name; once the calendrical name for Huitzilopochtli; in the Treatise, it was the ritual name for seeds
(Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629)
[Fuente: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 221.] {CN}
Ce Tecpatl
One Rabbit; a year sign and year counter of the south; it was the first year sign in the sequence; its pending arrival was a cause of great fear that famine would occur (see Sahagiºn)
[Fuente: Fr. Bernardino de Sahagiºn, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 7 – The Sun, Moon, and Stars, and the Binding of the Years, Number 14, Part 8, eds. and transl. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1953), 21, 23.]
also, a calendrical name used for Mayahuel, Xiuhteuctli, or Tlalteuctli; but, in the Treatise, it is used as a ritual name for land (Atenango, between Mexico City and Acapulco, 1629)
[Fuente: Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon, Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629, eds. and transl. J. Richard Andrews and Ross Hassig (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984), 221.] {CN}
Ce Tochtli
barley
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
cebada
half a “fanega” (Spanish measure relating to agricultural harvests and seeds)
[Fuente: Thelma Sullivan, Documentos Tlaxcaltecas del siglo XVI en lengua ni¡huatl (Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1987), 47.] {CN}
cenhuacal
a dry maize husk (see Molina) {CN}
cenizuatl
field between walls
[Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood’s notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}
centepamitl
to sprinkle wheat, maize, or other seed on the ground (planting) {CN}
chachayahua
land associated with the household and family (used in Ocotelulco, for example) {CN}
chancuemitl
a plant from whose seeds an edible oil was secured
[Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 214.] {CN}
chian
land of the Chichimecs, Chichimec country {CN}
chichimecapan
a digging stick or plow, with a sideways or crooked element? (see also huictli) {CN}
chicohuictli
Seven Flower, the name of the deity that gave birth to maize; also, the name of a religious observance with agricultural associations (especially maize and water) and involving offerings of maize {CN}
Chicome Xochitl
to plant chia seeds (see Molina) {CN}
chien cuema
to plant chile pepper plants {CN}
chilcuema
to transplant chile pepper plants {CN}
chilli nicaaquia
to plant chile pepper plants {CN}
chilteca
to harvest chile peppers from the plot where they are grown {CN}
chiltequi
to burn fields or someone’s crops {CN}
chinalhuia
a long narrow extension of farm land built by human hands and stretching into the lakes around Mexico City (see also chinamitl)
[Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 235.] {CN}
chinampa
a person of the region where chinampa agriculture is practiced; a person from the communities of Xochimilco, Cuitlahuac, and Itztapalapan, etc. (plural: chinampaneca) (see the Florentine Codex Book 12, Chapter 33, and attestations) {CN}
chinampanecatl
to gather cane or cornstalks (see Karttunen) {CN}
chinampepena
to cut cane or cornstalks (see Karttunen) {CN}
chinantequi
to burn fields {CN}
chinoa
a seed from which oil is extracted {CN}
chiyantli
a cultivated field (milli) linked to a noblewoman (cihuapilli) {CN}
cihuapilmilli
land belonging to a woman; perhaps dowry land or land inherited through female line {CN}
cihuatlalli
a measure of maize seed (equivalent to half a fanega of maize) {CN}
cohuacali
to contradict, or protest the possession of land asserted by another person
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
contradecir
to unyoke the oxen (see Molina) {CN}
cuacuahue nictlatotomilia
a plow pulled by an animal (see Molina) {CN}
cuacuahue yelimiqhuia
a yoke for plowing with oxen (see Molina) {CN}
cuacuahue yn cemilhuitlaelimic
to break up dirt clods (see Molina) {CN}
cuapayana
scrub brush in the woods (see Molina) {CN}
cuauh matlatl
a corn (maize) granary made of wooden sticks {CN}
cuauhcuezcomatl
a member of the cacao family of trees (see attestations) {CN}
cuauhpatlachtli
a farm worker or a commoner (see Molina); literally, someone who lives from the woods, from the plants {CN}
cuauhtica nemi, quiltica nemi
a type of land, possibly deriving from quahuitl, “tree(s), †meaning wooded land or woods, or alternatively, deriving from quauhtli, “eagle, †a type of conquered land
[Fuente: S. L. Cline, Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 236.] {CN}
cuauhtlalli
to mark boundaries or borders; can also imply a measuring of the land within given boundaries (see Molina) {CN}
cuaxochtia
to count agricultural furrows or eras {CN}
cuecuempohua
a land that is full of ravines, craggy, mountainous, hilly, full of woods and thickets (see Molina) {CN}
cuecuetlanquitepetl
to plow or turn over the field with a plow (see Molina) {CN}
cuematlauhchihua
to work the soil; to work the land (see Molina); literally, to “make” or work the cuemitl {CN}
cuenchihua
to jump over a stream or something similar (see Molina) {CN}
cuencholhuia
purchased land {CN}
cuencohualli
to make ridges or furrows in order to plant something {CN}
cuentataca
to make ridges or furrows (for agriculture) {CN}
cuenteca
a round piece of land, or perhaps a parcel with sides measuring all the same length {CN}
cuenyahualli
to winnow wheat, or something similar (see Molina) {CN}
ecaquetza
to pick beans or lima beans by uprooting the plants (see Molina) {CN}
ehuihuitla
a rural, small-scale cultivator, one who works the land (see Simeon) {CN}
elemicqui
to cultivate the soil (see attestations) {CN}
elemiqui
to cultivate or plow the land (see Molina); to till the soil (see Karttunen); to cultivate (land) (see Lockhart) {CN}
elimiqui
immature maize
[Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood’s notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}
elotzintli
today, in parts of rural Mexico, a heavy harrow pulled by oxen and used to prepare the soil for sowing
(a loanword from Spanish)
[Fuente: Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 248. A personal communication from Eliazar Herni¡ndez.] {CN}
escarami¡n
a notarial document recording a bill of sale; see also our entry for “carta de venta, “ which had the same meaning)
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
escritura de venta
to pick beans by hand or with a knife (see Molina) {CN}
etequi
bean patch (see Karttunen) {CN}
etla
to plant beans (see Molina) {CN}
etlaza
to plant all beans, or lima beans, etc. (see Molina) {CN}
etlazo
Europe
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
Europa
a Spanish dry measure, the equivalent of a bushel and a half; also used as a measure of land
(a loanword from Spanish)
a grain measure and a land measure (that portion of grain required for sowing a certain plot of land)
[Fuente: Caterina Pizzigoni, ed., Testaments of Toluca (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 2007), 26.] {CN}
fanega
permanent employee, especially in a rural context
(a loanword from Spanish)
[Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 217.] {CN}
gai±i¡n
a city of western Mexico
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
Guadalajara
an estate; a significant agricultural or stockraising property
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
hacienda
a plantation of fig trees (see Molina)
(derived from a loanword from Spanish, higos, figs) {CN}
hicoxcuauhtla
pertaining to orchards; or a person who watches or cultivates orchards
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
hortelano
something dry, dried up {CN}
huac
inherited land, ancestral land, patrimonial land {CN}
huehuetlalli
orchard (see also the entry, “alahuerta”)
(a loanword from Spanish) {CN}
huerta
a willow grove, and a common place name (see Karttunen); for instance, a well known central Mexican altepetl is now called Huejutla {CN}
huexotla
briar patch (see Karttunen) {CN}
huihuitztla
to waste the estate, to let the estate go to waste (see Molina) {CN}
ilihuizpopoloa
the portion (of a lawsuit; or especially of an inheritance); (his or her) inheritance, share, portion
[Fuente: Robert Haskett and Stephanie Wood’s notes from Nahuatl sessions with James Lockhart and subsequent research.] {CN}
inemac
and if you did not have property (see Molina) {CN}
intlacatle maxca
to use, work, or employ in something related to the farm (see Molina) {CN}
ipan nitlaaquia
a place name; a community in the southern basin of Mexico, near Xochimilco and Cuitlahuac; one of the chinampa agricultural communities (see the Florentine Codex Book 12, Chapter 33) {CN}
Itztapalapan
to loosen the soil (see Molina) {CN}
ixmolonia
to take care of the country estate, or to look out for another (see Molina) {CN}
ixpia
to flatten the ground by filling up the holes (see Molina) {CN}
ixtema
plain or plains, unpopulated flat land
[Fuente: James Lockhart, Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts (Stanford: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Studies, 2001), 222.] {CN}
ixtlahuacan
