Lab 6 Memory Flashcards
IV, DV and CV of recall task
IV: type of rehearsal (repetition vs. elaboration)
DV: free recall percent correct
CV: all common words, 6 seconds of study time, 30 seconds of delay before recall
Hypothesis of recall task
Percent correct for Visualization rehearsal should be much higher than for Repetition rehearsal
why do we remember pictures better than words
the dual-coding theory, which suggests that pictures are encoded in both visual and verbal forms, while words are primarily encoded verbally, leading to better recall of pictures due to the presence of two memory codes.
Procedure of picture recognition task
(study two sets of 40 pictures, and test with 80, some OLD and some NEW)
IV, DV and CV of picture recognition task
IV = whether pictures are organized by categories or in miscellaneous groups
(Animal, Clothing, Fruit and Vegetables, and Kitchen Utensils)
DV = hit rate and false alarm rate, and memory strength is calculated as HITS – FALSE ALARMS
CV = pictures are everyday common objects, old and new pictures come from the same categories and overall appearance, fixed duration of study time, and retention interval.
Hypothesis of picture recognition task
When picture memory is measured as Hits minus False Alarms, the memory strength of pictures studied in Organized categories, should have higher scores than pictures studied in Unorganized categories.
Describe difference between Sensory memory, short term memory (STM), long term memory (LTM)
Sensory memory is about briefly holding sensory data.
STM temporarily holds information for conscious use and has limited capacity.
LTM stores information for the long term, allowing us to recall vast amounts of data over time.
what are hits and false alarms in respect to this experiment
A Hit refers to the correct identification of a picture that was actually studied. In other words, when a participant is shown a picture that was part of the study set and they correctly recognize it as having been studied, this is considered a “hit.”
A False Alarm occurs when the participant incorrectly identifies a picture as having been studied, when it actually was not. Essentially, this means they mistakenly recognize a picture that was not part of the original study set.
What are organized and unorganized categories in respect to this experiment
In an organized category structure, the items are grouped in a meaningful or logical way. These groupings or associations provide a framework that makes it easier for the brain to process, store, and retrieve the information.
In an unorganized category structure, the items are presented without any clear structure, hierarchy, or meaningful grouping. The pictures are typically presented in a random order or are mixed with unrelated items, which means there are no clear associations to help guide memory encoding.
How Ebbinghaus Relearning Measures LTM
The amount of time or repetitions it takes to relearn the information after the delay is used as a measure of how much information has been retained in long-term memory.
If the individual can relearn the list faster, it suggests that more information has been retained in long-term memory. On the other hand, if it takes longer to relearn the list, it suggests that less information has been retained.
Serial Position effects and Primacy (from LTM) and Recency (from STM)
Serial Position Effect shows that memory performance is influenced by the position of items in a sequence, with a tendency to remember items better at the beginning (primacy) and the end (recency)
Primacy Effect (LTM): Early items in a list have a higher probability of being transferred to Long-Term Memory because they receive more attention and rehearsal.
Recency Effect (STM):Items presented at the end of the list remain fresh in Short-Term Memory.
describe Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval processes
Encoding is the first step in the memory process. It refers to the process of transforming information from the external world into a form that can be stored in the brain
Storage refers to the process of maintaining encoded information over time. It is the phase where memory is retained for later use (sensory, short term and long term)
Retrieval is the process of accessing and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness. This is the final step in the memory process, allowing us to use the information we have stored.
