Chapter 5

Question 1

Define stream of consciousness

Answer 1

Term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 2

What is consciousness

Answer 2

An individual’s awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one’s experiences.

Question 3

What is arousal?

Answer 3

The physiological state of being engaged with the environment

Question 4

What is the reticular activating system

Answer 4

A network of structures including the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment.

Question 5

Define theory of mind

Answer 5

Individuals’ understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences.

Question 6

What is higher level consciousness

Answer 6

In controlled processes, The most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal.

Question 7

Define executive function

Answer 7

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

Question 8

What is lower level consciousness

Answer 8

Involve automatic processes which are States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

Question 9

Altered states of consciousness

Answer 9

mental states that are different from normal awareness: hallucinating

Question 10

What is unconscious thought according to freud

Answer 10

According to Freud, a reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and thoughts that are beyond conscious awareness.

Question 11

What are biological rhythms

Answer 11

Periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behaviour.

Question 12

What are circadian rhythms

Answer 12

Daily behavioural or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.

Question 13

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 13

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body’s way of monitoring the change from day to night.

Question 14

What is stage W of falling asleep

Answer 14

W stands for wake, beta and alpha waves reflect concentration and alertness. Brain waves slow down which is associated with relaxation

Question 15

Stage N1 sleep

Answer 15

Characterized by drowsy sleep, people experience sudden muscle movements (feeling of falling)

Question 16

Stage N2 sleep

Answer 16

Muscle activity decreases, person is no longer consciously aware of the environment

Question 17

Stage N3 sleep

Answer 17

Sleepers drift to wakefulness, enter stage R which is a different form of sleep called REM (rapid eye movement). Movement of the eyeballs

Question 18

People most likely dream in the

Answer 18

R stage

Question 19

How does REM sleep end

Answer 19

When there is a rise in serotonin and norepinephrine which increase the level of forebrain activity

Question 20

What is manifest content

Answer 20

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream’s true meaning.

Question 21

What is latent content

Answer 21

According to Freud, a dream’s hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning.

Question 22

cognitive theory of dreaming

Answer 22

Theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts used to study the waking mind.

Question 23

activation-synthesis theory of dreaming

Answer 23

Theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.

Question 24

psychoactive drugs

Answer 24

Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception, and change mood.

Question 25

physical dependence

Answer 25

The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.

Question 26

psychological dependence

Answer 26

The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.

Question 27

depressants

Answer 27

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.

Question 28

barbiturates

Answer 28

Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity.

Question 29

tranquilizers

Answer 29

Depressant drugs, such as Valium and Xanax, that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

Question 30

opiates

Answer 30

Opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress the central nervous system’s activity and eliminate pain.

Question 31

stimulants

Answer 31

Psychoactive drugs—including caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine—that increase the central nervous system’s activity.

Question 32

hallucinogens

Answer 32

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

Question 33

How does brain become addicted

Answer 33

Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in the brain’s reward pathways which are located in the ventral tegmental area

Question 34

hypnosis

Answer 34

An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

Question 35

divided consciousness view of hypnosis

Answer 35

Hilgard’s view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components: one that follows the hypnotist’s commands and the other that acts as a “hidden observer.”

Question 36

social cognitive behaviour view of hypnosis

Answer 36

The perspective that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way the individual believes that a hypnotized person should behave.

Question 37

Hypnosis is correlated with what brain region

Answer 37

Lingual gyrus

Question 38

meditation

Answer 38

The attainment of a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry; the meditator is mindfully present to their thoughts and feelings but is not consumed by them.

Question 39

2 characteristics of meditative practice

Answer 39

Focused attention, open monitoring

Question 40

Hypnagogic reverie

Answer 40

Overwhelming feeling of wellness