Chapter 15

Question 1

clinical psychology

Answer 1

The area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders

Question 2

psychotherapy

Answer 2

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems

Question 3

biological therapies or biomedical therapies

Answer 3

Treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of bodily functioning

Question 4

evidence-based practice

Answer 4

Integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences

Question 5

Factors in effective psychology: Client and therapist

Answer 5

Client
- Participates actively
- Draws on personal strengths, abilities, skills
- Develops confidence and trust in therapists
- Becomes more hopeful

Therapist
- Participates actively
- Provides genuine support
- Monitors quality of relationship with client

Question 6

therapeutic alliance

Answer 6

The relationship between the therapist and client; an important element of successful psychotherapy

Question 7

2 ways to differentiate the types of therapy

Answer 7

1. The extent to which they focus on insight vs immediate symptoms and skills
2. Whether they are directive or not

Question 8

psychodynamic therapies

Answer 8

Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems

Question 9

psychoanalysis

Answer 9

Freud’s therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual’s unconscious thoughts

Question 10

dream analysis

Answer 10

A psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person’s dreams

Question 11

transference

Answer 11

A client’s relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual’s life

Question 12

humanistic therapies

Answer 12

Treatments, unique in their emphasis on clients’ self-healing capacities, that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally

Question 13

client-centred therapy

Answer 13

A form of humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems; also called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy

Question 14

reflective speech

Answer 14

A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client’s own feelings back to the client

Question 15

Goal of client centred therapy

Answer 15

Help clients identify and understand their own genuine feelings
One way to achieve goal: Reflective speech

Question 16

3 essential elements for humans to grow according to roger

Answer 16

1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Empathy
3. Genuineness

Question 17

behaviour therapies

Answer 17

Treatments, based on the behavioural and social cognitive theories of learning, that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviour

Question 18

systematic desensitization

Answer 18

A method of behaviour therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations

Question 19

cognitive therapies

Answer 19

Treatments emphasizing that cognitions (thoughts) are the main source of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individual’s feelings and behaviours by changing cognitions

Question 20

List all cognitive therapy techniques

Answer 20

1. Challenge idiosyncratic meanings: Explore personal meaning attached to the client’s words
2. Question the evidence: Systematically examine the evidence for the client’s beliefs
3. Reattribution: Help the client redistribute responsibility
4. Decatastrophize: Help the client evaluate whether they are overstimulating the nature of a situation
5. Fantasize consequences: Explore fantasies of a feared situation
6. Distraction/guided associaton
7. Labelling of distortions and thought stopping

Question 21

cognitive-behaviour therapy

Answer 21

A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy with the goal of developing self-efficacy

Question 22

4 psychotherapies and their cause of problem

Answer 22

1. Psychodynamic therapy: Problem are symptoms of deep seated, unresolved unconscious conflicts
2. Humanistic: Client is not functioning at an optimal level of development
3. Behaviour: Client has learned maladaptive behaviour patterns
4. Cognitive: Client has developed inappropriate thoughts

Question 23

integrative therapy

Answer 23

Use of a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client

Question 24

antianxiety drugs

Answer 24

Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable; commonly known as tranquilizers

Question 25

antidepressant drugs

Answer 25

Drugs that regulate mood

Question 26

4 main classes of antidepressant drugs

Answer 26

Tricyclics: Increases levels of certain neurotransmitters Tetracyclics: Increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain MAO inhibitors: Block monoamine oxidase, enzyme that breaks down serotonin Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 27

placebo

Answer 27

A substance or treatment that does not contain the active component being studied; it is given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group, except for the active agent

Question 28

lithium

Answer 28

The lightest of the solid elements in the periodic table of elements, widely used to treat bipolar disorder

Question 29

antipsychotic drugs

Answer 29

Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behaviour, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behaviour, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia

Question 30

List the types of psychological disorders and their corresponding drug medication

Answer 30

1. Everyday anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia: antianxiety drugs 2. Agoraphobia: tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibtors 3. Depressive disorder: Tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors 4. Bipolar disorder: lithium 5. Schizophrenia: Neuroleptics , antipsychotic medications

Question 31

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 31

A treatment, sometimes used for depression, that sets off a seizure in the brain; also called shock therapy

Question 32

deep brain stimulation

Answer 32

A procedure for treatment-resistant depression that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain that emit signals to alter the brain’s electrical circuitry

Question 33

psychosurgery

Answer 33

A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual’s adjustment

Question 34

group therapy

Answer 34

A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional

Question 35

6 features of group therapy

Answer 35

Information Universality: Others share similar experiences Altruism: Group members support one another Experience of a positive family group Development of social skills Interpersonal learning

Question 36

family therapy

Answer 36

Group therapy with family members

Question 37

couples therapy

Answer 37

Group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship

Question 38

4 family therapy techniques

Answer 38

Validation: Therapist expresses an understanding of each family member's feelings Reframing: Helps reframe problems as family problems and not individual problems Structural change: tries to restructure coalitions in a family Detriangulation: One member is a scapegoat for the other two members who are in conflict

Question 39

cross-cultural competence

Answer 39

A therapist’s assessment of their ability to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client’s perception of those abilities