Chapter 15 Flashcards
clinical psychology
The area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders
psychotherapy
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems
biological therapies or biomedical therapies
Treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of bodily functioning
evidence-based practice
Integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of client characteristics, culture, and preferences
Factors in effective psychology: Client and therapist
Client
- Participates actively
- Draws on personal strengths, abilities, skills
- Develops confidence and trust in therapists
- Becomes more hopeful
Therapist
- Participates actively
- Provides genuine support
- Monitors quality of relationship with client
therapeutic alliance
The relationship between the therapist and client; an important element of successful psychotherapy
2 ways to differentiate the types of therapy
- The extent to which they focus on insight vs immediate symptoms and skills
- Whether they are directive or not
psychodynamic therapies
Treatments that stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems
psychoanalysis
Freud’s therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual’s unconscious thoughts
dream analysis
A psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person’s dreams
transference
A client’s relating to the psychoanalyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the individual’s life
humanistic therapies
Treatments, unique in their emphasis on clients’ self-healing capacities, that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally
client-centred therapy
A form of humanistic therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client’s self-concept and to encourage the client to gain insight into problems; also called Rogerian therapy or nondirective therapy
reflective speech
A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client’s own feelings back to the client
Goal of client centred therapy
Help clients identify and understand their own genuine feelings
One way to achieve goal: Reflective speech
3 essential elements for humans to grow according to roger
- Unconditional positive regard
- Empathy
- Genuineness
behaviour therapies
Treatments, based on the behavioural and social cognitive theories of learning, that use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behaviour
systematic desensitization
A method of behaviour therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations
cognitive therapies
Treatments emphasizing that cognitions (thoughts) are the main source of psychological problems and that attempt to change the individual’s feelings and behaviours by changing cognitions
List all cognitive therapy techniques
- Challenge idiosyncratic meanings: Explore personal meaning attached to the client’s words
- Question the evidence: Systematically examine the evidence for the client’s beliefs
- Reattribution: Help the client redistribute responsibility
- Decatastrophize: Help the client evaluate whether they are overstimulating the nature of a situation
- Fantasize consequences: Explore fantasies of a feared situation
- Distraction/guided associaton
- Labelling of distortions and thought stopping
cognitive-behaviour therapy
A therapy that combines cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy with the goal of developing self-efficacy
4 psychotherapies and their cause of problem
- Psychodynamic therapy: Problem are symptoms of deep seated, unresolved unconscious conflicts
- Humanistic: Client is not functioning at an optimal level of development
- Behaviour: Client has learned maladaptive behaviour patterns
- Cognitive: Client has developed inappropriate thoughts
integrative therapy
Use of a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client
antianxiety drugs
Drugs that reduce anxiety by making the individual calmer and less excitable; commonly known as tranquilizers
antidepressant drugs
Drugs that regulate mood
4 main classes of antidepressant drugs
Tricyclics: Increases levels of certain neurotransmitters
Tetracyclics: Increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain
MAO inhibitors: Block monoamine oxidase, enzyme that breaks down serotonin
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
placebo
A substance or treatment that does not contain the active component being studied; it is given to participants in a control group so that they are treated identically to the experimental group, except for the active agent
lithium
The lightest of the solid elements in the periodic table of elements, widely used to treat bipolar disorder
antipsychotic drugs
Powerful drugs that diminish agitated behaviour, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behaviour, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals with a severe psychological disorder, especially schizophrenia
List the types of psychological disorders and their corresponding drug medication
- Everyday anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia: antianxiety drugs
- Agoraphobia: tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibtors
- Depressive disorder: Tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors
- Bipolar disorder: lithium
- Schizophrenia: Neuroleptics , antipsychotic medications
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A treatment, sometimes used for depression, that sets off a seizure in the brain; also called shock therapy
deep brain stimulation
A procedure for treatment-resistant depression that involves the implantation of electrodes in the brain that emit signals to alter the brain’s electrical circuitry
psychosurgery
A biological therapy, with irreversible effects, that involves removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual’s adjustment
group therapy
A sociocultural approach to the treatment of psychological disorders that brings together individuals who share a particular psychological disorder in sessions that are typically led by a mental health professional
6 features of group therapy
Information
Universality: Others share similar experiences
Altruism: Group members support one another
Experience of a positive family group
Development of social skills
Interpersonal learning
family therapy
Group therapy with family members
couples therapy
Group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship
4 family therapy techniques
Validation: Therapist expresses an understanding of each family member’s feelings
Reframing: Helps reframe problems as family problems and not individual problems
Structural change: tries to restructure coalitions in a family
Detriangulation: One member is a scapegoat for the other two members who are in conflict
cross-cultural competence
A therapist’s assessment of their ability to manage cultural issues in therapy and the client’s perception of those abilities
