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Psych100 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what happened to Jason Padgett

A

Suffered a concussion that led him to seeing mathematical formulas and become a mathematical genius

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2
Q

How do we unlock the secrets of the mind?

A

Many cases where people have suffered brain injuries led them to having incredible talent and skills. These cases are called anecdotal evidence

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3
Q

What is the essence of psychology?

A

Effort to understand all human behaviour from the most rare cases to the most common

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4
Q

State a challenge that reverse engineering psychologists have faced?

A

Help stop amputees from experiencing chronic pain in missing limbs. Phantom limb is a side effect for many that go through amputation of a body part

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5
Q

What is a mirror box and how does it help to reduce the pain of phantom limb?

A

A literal mirror box that provides an illusion of a limb, psychologists found a “phantom itch” that could be in sense scratched and help reduce or eliminate the pain

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6
Q

What is active reading?

A

Is essentially 2 things - paying attention while you read and understanding the material before you move on

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7
Q

Formal definition of psychology

A

Scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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8
Q

Goals of psychological science

A

Describe, predict and explain behaviour

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9
Q

What is behaviour?

A

Everything we do that can be directly observed

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10
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Are the thoughts, feelings and motives that each of us experiences privately but that can not be observed directly

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11
Q

4 attitudes at the core of scientific approach

A

Critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity and curiosity

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12
Q

What is critical thinking and what does it reduce?

A

Process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions and evaluating evidence
Reduces the likelihood that conclusions will be based on unreliable personal beliefs and opinions

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13
Q

What is skepticism?

A

Questioning what “everybody knows”
Challenge whether a supposed fact is really true

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14
Q

What is pseudoscience and an example of one?

A

Pseudo means fake - pseudoscience refers to information that is couched in scientific terminology but not supported by scientific research
Example: astrology

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15
Q

What is the empirical method?

A

Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, collection of data and logical reasoning

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16
Q

What is objectivity?

A

Means waiting to see what the evidence tells us rather than going with our instincts

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17
Q

What is curiosity?

A

Notice things, wanting to know what it is and why is it that way

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18
Q

How has psychology advanced?

A

Through the use of debates and psychologists not agreeing with one another. Reached a more accurate understanding of human behaviour because psychology fosters controversies allowing people to think deeply about evidence

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19
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

Psychologists that specialize in studying and treating psychological disorders

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20
Q

What did Sigmund Freud believe?

A

That most of human behaviour is caused by dark, unpleasant, unconscious desires - based his ideas on patients he saw in his clinical practice

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21
Q

Why did Freud’s influence lead to people not considering psychology as a true science?

A

His techniques and case study analysis are not representative of the empirical method since he did not conduct randomized clinical trials or controlled experimental studies and other techniques that are normally used by western science

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22
Q

Explain the Amish community case?

A

Community forgave Charles roberts for kidnapping and killing/wounding 10 young girls. Forgiveness is the act of letting go anger and resentment toward someone and research on human capacity for forgiveness is being studied

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23
Q

What is positive psychology?

A

A branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths. Research in positive psychology centres on topics such as hope and optimism.

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24
Q

What is one goal of positive psychology?

A

Bring a greater balance to the field by moving beyond focusing on how and why things go wrong in life to understanding how and why things go right

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25
Q

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A

German philosopher - physician that integrated philosophy and natural sciences to create the discipline of psychology

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26
Q

What experiment was performed by Wundt?

A

Measure the time lag between the instant a person heard a sound and the moment they pressed a telegraph key to signal having heard it

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27
Q

What was wundt trying to measure?

A

The time it took the human brain and nervous system to translate information into action

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28
Q

What is structuralism and who’s approach is it?

A

Wundt’s approach and structuralism focuses on identifying the structures of the human mind using the method of introspection meaning to looking inside our minds by focusing on our own thoughts

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29
Q

What is William James often regarded as?

A

Founder of modern psychology

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30
Q

What was James view and define it

A

James view was called functionalism which probed the functions and purposes of the mind and behaviour in the individual’s adaptation to the environment. Functionalists focused on human interactions with the outside world

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31
Q

What is Darwin’s theory?

A

The principle of natural selection which is an evolutionary process in which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and produce more offspring

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32
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A process by which the environment determines who wins the competition for resources such as food and shelter

33
Q

What are genes and it’s relationship with Darwin’s theory?

A

Collections of molecules responsible for heredity. Genetic characteristics that are associated with survival and reproduction are passed down generations

34
Q

Summarize the evolutionary theory through 4 key points

A

Variation: fact that characteristics of a species differ
Competition: arises because a species can produce more individuals that can survive given the limited resources of an environment
Selective advantage: occurs become some of the variation of characteristics possessed by individuals give these individuals a better chance to survive
Inheritance: linked to genetics and refers to the tendency for an offspring to possess the traits of its parents

35
Q

Biological approach of psychology

A

Focus on the body especially the brain and nervous system

36
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

Scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics and biochemistry of the nervous system

37
Q

What does neuroscience emphasize about the brain and it’s relation to thoughts and emotions?

A

Emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behaviour, thoughts and emotions. Believe that electrical impulses zoom throughout the brain’s cells which releases chemical substances that enable us to think, feel and behave

38
Q

Behavioural approach of psychology

A

Scientific study of observable behavioural responses and their environmental determinants. Focuses on an organism’s visible interactions with the environment not thoughts or feelings

39
Q

True or false: principles of behavioural approach have been widely applied to help people change their behaviour for the better

A

True

40
Q

What was skinner’s experiment on Deborah?

A

Raised Deborah in an enclosed air crib

41
Q

What did skinner emphasize and believe?

A

That psychology should be about what people do and their actions and behaviour not thoughts and feelings. Believed that rewards and punishments determine our behaviour

42
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Emphasizes unconscious thought, conflict between biological drivers (sex) and society’s demands and early childhood experiences. Believe that sexual and aggressive impulses buried deep within the unconscious mind influence the way people think and feel

43
Q

Who is Sigmund freud and his theory

A

Founder of psychodynamic approach and theorized that early relationships with parents shape an individual’s personality

44
Q

What is the therapeutic technique of psychoanalysis?

A

Analysts unlocking a person’s unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about their childhood memories, dreams thoughts and feelings

45
Q

Humanistic approach of psychology

A

Emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth and the freedom to choose one’s destiny. People have the ability to control their lives and are not just controlled by the environment

46
Q

Definition of altruism and what approach is it

A

Unselfish concern for other people’s well being and free will - part of the humanistic approach of psychology

47
Q

Cognitive approach of psychology

A

The human brain houses a mind whose mental processes allow us to remember, make decisions, plan, set goals and be creative

48
Q

What do cognitive psychologists view the mind as?

A

An active and aware problem solving system through the use of information processing

49
Q

Evolutionary approach of psychology

A

Uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviour

50
Q

What did David buss argue about the evolutionary theory

A

Argues that just as evolution moulds our physical features such as body shape, it also influences our decision making, level of aggressiveness, fears and mating patterns

51
Q

What is one reason why evolutionary approach is criticized?

A

Inaccurately explains why males and females have different social roles and does not account for cultural diversity and experiences

52
Q

Sociocultural approach of psychology

A

Examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behaviour. Argues that understanding a person’s behaviour requires knowing the social and cultural context in which the behaviour occurs

53
Q

How many contemporary approaches are there in total?

A

7

54
Q

How many different areas of specialization in total?

A

32 according to the Canadian psychology association

55
Q

What is physiological psychology?

A

Interested in physical processes that underlie mental operations such as thinking and memory

56
Q

What is behavioural neuroscience?

A

Focuses on biological processes especially the brain’s role in behaviour

57
Q

Definition of sensation and perception

A

Physical systems and psychological processes that allow us to experience the world

58
Q

Definition of learning

A

Intricate process by which behaviour changes in response to changing circumstances

59
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Broad name of a field that examines attention, consciousness, information processing and memory

60
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Concerned with how people become who they are from conception to death - focus on biological and environmental factors that contribute to human development

61
Q

How do scientists study motivation and emotion?

A

Scientists that study motivation investigate how individuals persist to attain a difficult goal and how rewards affect the experience of motivation
Emotion researches delve into topics including the physiological and brain processes that underlie emotional experience

62
Q

Psychology of women and gender

A

Consider the psychological, social and cultural influences on female development and behaviour

63
Q

Personality psychology

A

Considers personality consisting of relatively enduring characteristics of individuals such as traits, goals, genetics, well being etc

64
Q

Social psychology

A

Deals with people’s interactions with one another, relationships, social perceptions, stereotypes and attitudes. Interested in the influence of certain groups on our thinking and behaviour

65
Q

Clinical and counselling psychology

A

Diagnose and treat people with psychological problems. Counselling psychologists may work with people to help solve practical problems in their lives while clinical psychologists are interested in psychopathology

66
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Scientific study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders

67
Q

Health psychology

A

Multidimensional approach to human health that emphasizes psychological factors, lifestyle and the nature of the healthcare delivery system. Studies the role of stress and coping in people’s lives

68
Q

Industrial and organizational psychology

A

Industrial: personnel matters and human resource management
Organizational: examines the social influences in organizations as well as organizational leadership

69
Q

Community psychology

A

Concentrates on improving the quality of relationships along individuals, their community and society. Provide accessible care for people with psychological problems

70
Q

How do community psychologists concern themselves with prevention of mental health problems?

A

Prevent mental health problems by identifying high risk groups and providing appropriate services and resources in the community

71
Q

School and educational psychology

A

Concerns with children’s learning and adjustment in school

72
Q

Environmental psychology

A

Study of the interactions between people and their physical environment - explores the effects of physical settings in most major areas of psychology

73
Q

Forensic psychology

A

Applies psychological concepts to the legal system
Ex: evaluate whether a personal is likely to be a danger to society or whether someone is not criminally responsible by reason of mental disorder

74
Q

Sport psychology

A

Applies psychological principles to improving sport performance

75
Q

Cross cultural psychology

A

Study of culture’s role in understanding behaviour, thought and emotion - compare the nature of psychological processes in different cultures

76
Q

Define maturation

A

Can be thought of as an unfolding of a biological process that occurs in and is affected by social demands

77
Q

True or false: when mental processes change, so do physical processes

A

True

78
Q

How does the bio psychosocial model differ from traditional and historical science and medicine?

A

Believes that health is impacted by body and mind inseparably

Psych100 (11 decks)

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