Chapter 9 Flashcards
Define development
The pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life, involving both growth and decline
Describe the three different levels of development
Physical: Occur in an individual’s biological nature and guided by genes inherited from parents
Cognitive: Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence and language
Socioemotional: Changes occur in an individual’s relationships with other people through emotions and personality
Ecological systems theory views child development as
occurring within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
Periods of prenatal development
Germinal: Begins with conception - mass of cells attach to uterine walls
Embryonic: Support systems for cells and organs develop
Fetal: Organ systems begin functioning and fetal starts showing weight and body fat
Define teratogen
Any agent that causes a birth defect
What motor and cognitive skills are seen in new born babies
Sensory capacities: Being able to see or hear an object
Motivation: Wanting to grasp the object
Attention: Being able to primarily focus on the object
Bodily control: Having the ability to control posture and the movement of arms
Learning: Getting positive reinforcement from the experience of touching object
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Children use schemas (mental concepts) to make sense of their experiences
What are the two processes responsible for schema development as stated by piaget
assimilation: An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
accommodation: An individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information
Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor stage: lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, during which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor (physical) actions.
preoperational stage: lasting from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which thought is more symbolic than sensorimotor thought
concrete operational stage: lasting from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which the individual uses operations and replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations
formal operational stage: which begins at 11 to 15 years of age and continues through the adult years; it features thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future
Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
Cognitive development is an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context
Information processing theory
Focuses on how individuals encode, manipulate, monitor information and create strategies for handling it
Define temperament and the three basic types
An individual’s behavioural style and characteristic ways of responding.
Easy child: Generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routine and can adapt to new experiences
Difficult child: Reacts negatively, engages in irregular routine and is slow at adapting
Slow to warm up child: Has a low activity level, is somewhat negative and cautious in new experiences
infant attachment
The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
secure attachment
The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment
insecure attachment
Infants do not use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore; instead, they experience their relationship with the caregiver as unstable and unreliable. The two types of insecure attachment are avoidant and anxious/ambivalent (also called preoccupied)
Stages 1-4 of Erickson’s theory of socio-emotional development
Trust vs mistrust: When a baby’s basics needs are met by responsive and caring caregivers so there is a sense of security
Autonomy vs shame and doubt: Can either develop a positive sense of independence or negative feelings of shame and doubt - want to do all tasks by themselves
Initiative vs guilt: Can forge their own interests, friendships and have a sense of responsibility
Industry vs inferiority: Can achieve industry by mastering knowledge and intellectual skills
authoritarian parenting
A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions
authoritative parenting
A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behaviour
neglectful parenting
A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life
permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behaviour
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
Pre-conventional: Moral reasoning is primarily based on on consequences and rewards of behaviour
Conventional: Individual abides by standards learned from parents or society laws
Post conventional: Develops personal moral code and explores all options
puberty
A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence.
androgens
The class of sex hormones that predominate in males, produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females.
estrogens
The class of sex hormones that predominate in females, produced mainly by the ovaries
Marcia’s theory of identity status
Two dimensions of identity are important
Exploration: Investigating various options for one’s career and personal values
Commitment: Deciding which identity path to follow
Jeffery arnet’s 5 main features of adult hood
Identity exploration in love and work
Instability
Self focus
Feeling “in between”: Many emerging adults don’t consider themselves as adolescents or full on adults
Age of possibilities to transform one’s life
Cellular clock theory
As we age, cells become less capable of dividing
Free radical theory
Frailty associated with old age results from production of unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals produced in cells
Hormonal stress theory
Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and lead to an increased chance of having a disease
Describe stages 4-8 of Erickson’s theory
Identity vs Identity confusion
Intimacy vs isolation: Task of finding intimate relationships with other
Generativity vs Stagnation: Assist younger generation in leading good lives
Integrity vs despair: Looking back and evaluating what one as accomplished during their life
What is the theoretical model of strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI)
Adults tend to report positive emotions when they are able to avoid stressful situations but tend to react emotionally in unavoidable situations
