Chapter 11

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

The properties of a person that determine their classification as male or female

Question 2

intersex

Answer 2

A term used to describe people who are born with genitals and/or sex organs that do not fit into the male/female binary, but rather along a continuum with much diversity

Question 3

gender

Answer 3

The social and psychological aspects of being female or male; gender goes beyond biological sex to include an individual’s personal understanding of the meaning of being male or female

Question 4

gender identity

Answer 4

An individual’s multifaceted sense of belonging to the male, female, or an alternate gender

Question 5

Biological components of sex

Answer 5

Sex is classified as genes; chromosomes are packages of DNA that carry genes

Question 6

definition of sex chromosome and what pair

Answer 6

23rd pair
In humans, the pair of genes that differs between the sexes and determines a person’s genetic sex as male or female.

Question 7

Sex classified as gonads:

Answer 7

Glands that produce sex hormones and generate ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males; collectively called gametes, the ova and sperm are the cells that eventually will be used in reproduction, endocrine system

Question 8

Male and female gonads

Answer 8

Male: testes
Female: ovaries

Question 9

What hormones do male and female gonads produce

Answer 9

Male: Androgens (testosterone)
Female: Estrogen & progesterone

Question 10

what do hormones secreted by the gonads encourage

Answer 10

Development of of three more aspects of the body that are used to classify sex internal reproductive structures, external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics

Question 11

Female sex organs play roles in

Answer 11

Menstrual cycle, pregnancy, child birth

Question 12

Male sex organs play roles in

Answer 12

Producing and storing sperm

Question 13

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 13

Traits that differ between the two sexes but are not part of the reproductive system; they include breasts in females and facial hair in males.

Question 14

Development of male sex parts

Answer 14

All genitalia look like female parts after conception, the SRY gene in males leads to the development of male parts

Question 15

differences of sexual development (DSD)

Answer 15

Congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical

Question 16

Describe some DSD conditions

Answer 16

Turner syndrome: X chromosome is missing, ovaries do not develop
Klinefelter syndrome: Extra X, small testicles
5-ard: difference on Y, genitals may appear typically female
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: difference on Y, genitals appear as female
CAH: prenatal androgen exposure to develop an enlarged clit

Question 17

What is gender

Answer 17

Refers to how social groups understand what it means to be male and female and what behaviours indicate masculinity and femininity which depend on culture and society.

Question 18

androgynous

Answer 18

Having attributes that are typically associated with both genders

Question 19

gender roles

Answer 19

Roles that reflect the individual’s expectation for how a female and male should think, act, and feel

Question 20

gender stereotypes

Answer 20

Overly general beliefs and expectations about what women and men are like

Question 21

Gender binary

Answer 21

The belief that there are two and only two categories of gender where membership is biologically determined

Question 22

Gender identity

Answer 22

When people become aware of the gender categories society creates, one can take this information and recognize themselves different from what physical features and social categories indicate

Question 23

Varieties of gender identity

Answer 23

Cis gender: identity fits with sex assigned at birth
Nonbinary: Identity outside of female/woman and male/man

Question 24

transgender

Answer 24

Experiencing one’s psychological gender as different from one’s physical sex, as in the cases of biological males who identify as female and biological females who identify as male

Question 25

Gender dysphoria

Answer 25

Person experiences extreme incongruence between their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity including distress that interferes with their ability to function in daily life

Question 26

Gender affirmation

Answer 26

Gradual stages that move from reversible gender affirming social/medical steps to permanent ones

Question 27

transnegativity

Answer 27

Prejudice including negative beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours toward individuals perceived as transgender

Question 28

How do biological approaches explain gender

Answer 28

Biological factors in gender development focus on how genes, prenatal hormones and brain structures/functions contribute to gender identity. Example: research has looked at sex differences such as how boys are usually more active/ larger than girls

Question 29

How does evolutionary psychology explain gender

Answer 29

Sex differences that occur within species have evolved through sexual selection: According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the differentiation between male and female members of a species differ from each other because of differences in competition and choice.

Question 30

What do social cognitive theories of gender development focus on?

Answer 30

How children learn about gender and how they come to occupy a certain gender identity
- Gender related behaviour is learned through reward and punishment
- Through learning children develop a gender schema - an internal framework for understanding what is appropriate behaviour for different genders

Question 31

social role theory

Answer 31

Eagly’s theory of gender development that, while acknowledging the physical differences between the sexes, argues that these differences colour social expectations and create social structures that limit opportunities for both sexes.
Asserts that we internalize gender roles and stereotypes which continue to increase differences between men and women

Question 32

empathy

Answer 32

A person’s capacity to feel and understand the emotional state of another person.
- Women tend to be more empathetic than men

Question 33

aggression

Answer 33

Behaviour that is intended to harm another person - men tend to engage more than women
Men engage in Overt aggression: Physically or verbally harming another person directly
While women in relational aggression: Behaviour that is meant to harm the social standing of another person