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Psych100 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between empiricism and determinism

A

Empiricism holds that we are able to know things about the world through careful observation while determinism is the belief that all events are the product of lawful, cause and effect relationships

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2
Q

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?

A

Observing a phenomenon
Formulating hypotheses and predictions
Testing through empirical research
Drawing conclusions
Evaluating theory

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3
Q

Examples of observing a phenomenon

A
  • currents events
  • social issues
  • personal experiences
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4
Q

Define a theory

A

A theory is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations

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5
Q

Define a hypothesis

A

An educated guess that derives logically from a theory and previous research findings - an expectation that can be tested

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6
Q

Define prediction

A

Specific expectation for the outcome of a study

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7
Q

Define empirical method

A

Creating new knowledge through observation and experimentation through collecting data and analyzing information

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8
Q

Define variable

A

Anything that can change or take on different values

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9
Q

Define operational definition

A

Objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study

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10
Q

Differentiate between direct replication and conceptual replication

A

Direct: doing the study precisely as it was conducted in its original form
Conceptual: doing the study with different methods or different types of samples

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11
Q

Definition of meta analysis

A

Type of systematic review that statistically combines results of quantitative studies - allows researchers to conclude whether their results are consistent

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12
Q

Define descriptive research

A

Involves describing some phenomenon - determining basic dimensions of variables and defining what it is, how often it occurs etc

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13
Q

Examples of descriptive research methods

A
  • naturalistic observation
  • archival research
  • physical trace research
  • surveys and interviews
  • case studies
  • correlational research
  • longitudinal designs
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14
Q

Define naturalistic observation

A

Involves viewing behaviour in a real world setting

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15
Q

What is archival research?

A

Uses records produced by people, governments and corporations

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16
Q

What is physical trace research?

A

Study of the remnants and physical changes in the environment

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17
Q

Why are Surveys and questionnaires criticized?

A

Participants tend to answer questions in a way that will make them look good rather than in a way that communicates their true beliefs and thoughts which is referred to as impression management or social desirability bias

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18
Q

What is a case study?

A

In depth investigation of a small group of individuals or often only a single person that display unique characteristics. May provide information about a person’s beliefs, perceptions, hopes, traumatic experiences and more and often relies on qualitative data collection

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19
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Tells us about the relationship between 2 variables and how 2 variables change together

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20
Q

What do the signs (+,- and 0) tell us about correlations

A

A positive sign means the variables move in the same direction. A negative sign means the variables are moving in opposite directions and a zero correlation means that there is no systematic relationship between the variables

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21
Q

Why does correlation not equal causation?

A

Seeing two variables moving together does not necessarily mean we know whether one variable causes the other to occur

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22
Q

Define cross sectional design

A

Is a type of correlational study in which variables are measured at a single point in time

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23
Q

Define longitudinal design

A

Involves obtaining measure s of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

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24
Q

What is experimental research

A

To determine whether a causal relationship between variables, researchers must use experimental methods to manipulate a variable to influence another variable while keeping additional variables constant

25
Q

Define random assignment

A

Researchers assign participants to groups by chance

26
Q

Define independent and dependent variables

A

Independent: manipulated experimental factor
Dependent: variable that may change as a result of manipulations of the independent variable

27
Q

Define confederate

A

A person given a role to play in a study so that social context can be manipulated

28
Q

Define experimental group

A

Participants that are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents

29
Q

Define control group

A

Much like an experimental group except participants do not go through a change as a result of the independent variable - this helps provides a comparison to which researches can test the effects of the IV

30
Q

What is a quasi experimental design

A

Similar to an experiment but does not randomly assign participants to conditions because such assignment is either impossible or unethical
Ex: natural disasters, aspects of identity

31
Q

Define validity and state the 2 broad types

A

Refers to the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment
External and internal validity

32
Q

What is external validity?

A

An experimental design that actually reflects the read world issues that it is supposed to address

33
Q

What is internal validity?

A

Refers to which changes in the dependent variable are genuinely due to the manipulation of the independent variable

34
Q

Define experimenter bias

A

Occurs when the experimenter’s expectations and biases influence the outcome of the research

35
Q

Define demand characteristic

A

Any aspect of a study that communicates to participants how the experimenter wants them to behave

36
Q

What is an effective way of minimizing experimenter bias?

A

Double blind procedure - neither the participants nor the researchers know the group assignments. No one would know which group is which until after all the data was collected

37
Q

Define research participant bias

A

Occurs when the behaviour of participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave

38
Q

Define placebo effect

A

Occurs when participant’s expectations rather than the experimental treatment produces a specific outcome

39
Q

Define placebo

A

Substance or treatment that does not contain the active component being studied - giving indictable in the control group placebo to determine whether changes in the experimental group are due to the active drug and not simply participants expectations

40
Q

Define convergent evidence

A

Term that describes research findings from several different types of research methods and samples from different populations

41
Q

If depression can also cause increased relationship problems, which research method would allow scientists to test a cause-effect relationship between the 2 variables?

A

Quasi experimental method

42
Q

Define population

A

The entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions

43
Q

Define sample

A

Subset of the population chosen by investigator for study

44
Q

Define random sample

A

A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected

45
Q

Define convenience sample

A

Researchers select participants from those who are readily available

46
Q

Explain WEIRD and its relationship with psychology

A

W - Western
E - Educated
I - Industrialized
R - Rich
D - Democratic societies

People with low socioeconomic backgrounds have been traditionally excluded as participants of psychological research

47
Q

Define descriptive statistics

A

Mathematical procedures researchers use to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way

48
Q

Define mean, median and mode
(Math 👎)

A

Mean: The average, adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores
Median: score that falls exactly in the middle
Mode: Score that occurs most often in data

49
Q

Define measures of dispersion

A

How much the scores in a sample differ from one another

50
Q

Define range

A

Distance between the highest and lowest scores

51
Q

Define standard deviation

A

Measures how much scores vary, on average from the mean of the sample

52
Q

Define inferential statistics

A

Mathematical methods used to indicate whether the data sufficiently supports a research hypothesis

53
Q

Inferential statistics help us decide whether an observed difference is unlikely to be the result of……

A

Chance

54
Q

Define null hypothesis

A

Claim that there is no relationship between the phenomena measured

55
Q

List the 4 important issues that the ethical guidelines for research addresses

A
  • informed consent: participants must know the risks and purpose of their participation
  • confidentiality: data should be anonymous and confidential
  • debriefing: after study was completed, researcher should inform participants of the methods used
  • deception: must ensure that if any deception is done, it will not harm the participants
56
Q

Why is deception a critical controversy?

A

Is an ethical issue since participants need to know specific details about the study but sharing those details might alter the behaviour of the participants leading to invalid data

57
Q

The research ethics board determines

A

Whether the benefits of the proposed research outweigh its possible risks

58
Q

A meta analysis refers to the

A

Analysis of many studies on a particular topic

Psych100 (12 decks)

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