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Psych100 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

A pattern of enduring and distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

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2
Q

psychodynamic perspectives

A

Theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)

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3
Q

Freud and psychoanalysis

A

Developed psychoanalysis, his approach to personality through his work from patients suffering from hysteria

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4
Q

Freud’s structures of personality

A

ID: The Freudian structure of personality consisting of unconscious drives; the individual’s reservoir of sexual energy.
Ego: The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
superego: The Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behaviour; what we often call conscience.

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5
Q

defence mechanisms

A

The Freudian term for tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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6
Q

Examples of defence mechanisms

A

Repression: Ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness
Rationalization: Ego distorts facts to make an experience less life threatening

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7
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development

A

Oral stage: Infant’s pleasure focuses around mouth (18 months)
Anal stage: Having control over the anus/urethra and its functions during toilet training (18 to 36 months)
Phallic stage: Focuses on genitals and self stimulation (3 to 6 years)

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8
Q

Oedipus complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother.

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9
Q

Horney’s sociocultural approach

A

Argued that sociocultural influences on personality development should be investigated, pointed out women might want a penis because of the status that society bestows on the ones that have it. Believed the need for security and not sex is the prime motive in human existence

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10
Q

Jung’s analytical theory

A

collective unconscious: Jung’s term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past.

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11
Q

Collective unconscious contains

A

archetypes: Jung’s term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective unconscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people - emerge in dreams, religion

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12
Q

Two common types of archetypes

A

Anima: Passive feminine side
Animus: Assertive masculine side
Believed everyone has both

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13
Q

individual psychology

A

Adler’s view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life

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14
Q

Core principles of psychodynamic theories

A
  • Personality is determined by both current and early life experiences
  • Personality can be better understood by examining it developmentally
  • We mentally transform our experiences and give it meaning
  • The mind is not all conscious
  • Individual’s inner world conflicts with the demands of the outer world
  • Personality and adjustment are important topics
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15
Q

humanistic perspectives

A

Theoretical views stressing a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

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16
Q

Maslow’s approach

A

Believed that we can learn the most about human personality by focusing on the very best examples of humans - self actualizers

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17
Q

Roger’s approach

A

Believed that we are all born with the “raw ingredients of a fulfilling life” we need the right conditions to thrive

18
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

Rogers’s construct referring to the individual’s need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of the person’s behaviour

19
Q

Rogers noted that often others value us only when we behave in particular ways

A

conditions of worth: The standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others.

20
Q

How does rogers promote optimal functioning

A
  1. Regardless of what people do, they need unconditional positive regard
  2. Individuals can become more fulfilled by interacting with people who are empathetic toward them
  3. Genuineness (being open with one’s feelings) is a third requirement to become fully functioning
21
Q

trait theories

A

Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
We can describe people in terms of friendly, hostile

22
Q

How does allport describe healthy mature people as

A
  • A positive but objective sense of self and others
  • Interest in issues beyond their own experience
  • A sense of humour
  • Common sense
  • A unifying philosophy of life - typically but not always provided by religious faith
23
Q

big five factors of personality

A

The five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: neuroticism (emotional instability), extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

24
Q

List all 5 factors of personality

A

Openness: Imaginative vs practical
Conscientiousness (organized vs disorganized, careful vs careless)
Extroversion (Sociable vs retiring)
Agreeableness (softhearted v ruthless)
Neuroticism (emotional instability) Calm vs anxious

25
Q

Neuroticism is related to feeling

A

Negative emotions more often than positive emotions

26
Q

HEXACO model of personality

A

Honesty-humility
Emotionality (fearfulness, anxiety)
Extroversion (social self esteem)
Agreeableness (forgivingness)
Conscientiousness (organization)
Openness to experience

27
Q

One goal of personality psychology

A

To understand how each of us is unique
Personological and life story perspectives:Theoretical views stressing that the way to understand a person is to focus on their life history and life story.

28
Q

Murray’s personological approach

A

Personology: Refer to the study of the whole person such as the physical, psychological aspects of the person’s life

29
Q

Thematic apperception test

A

A person looks at an ambiguous picture and writes or tells a story… A variety of scoring procedures have been devised for analyzing the unconscious motives revealed in imaginative stories

30
Q

3 different unconscious needs

A

Need for achievement: attaining excellence
Need for affiliation: Establishing and maintaining interpersonal connections
Need for power: For having impact on social world

31
Q

Life story approach to identity

A

McAdams - centres on the idea that each of us has a unique life story representing our memories of what makes us who we are
Introduced concept of intimacy motivation - concern for warm personal encounters

32
Q

Psychobiography

A

Type of inquiry in which personality psychologists attempt to apply personality theory to one person’s life

33
Q

social cognitive perspectives

A

Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals

34
Q

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

A

States that behavioural, environmental and personal/cognitive factors in understanding personality

35
Q

Bandura term: reciprocal determinism

A

means that the relationships among the person, their behaviour and the environment are all two way streets; environment can determine a person’s behaviour but person can act to change environment

36
Q

Observational learning

A

Bandura’s belief that this is key aspect of how we learn - noticing others behaviours and consequences

37
Q

Psychologists commonly describe a sense of behavioural control as coming from

A

Inside the person (internal locus of control)
Outside the person (external locus of control)

38
Q

self-efficacy

A

The belief that one can accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change

39
Q

Mischel’s critique of consistency

A

Said personality often changes according to a given situation - view is called situationism, idea that personality and behaviour often vary from one context to another

40
Q

Mischel’s CAPS theory

A

Mischel’s theoretical model for describing how individuals’ thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world affect their behaviour and become linked in ways that matter to that behaviour. Involves information processing (cognitive) and emotional experience (affective) Cognitive affective processing system

41
Q
A

Psych100 (24 decks)

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