Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych100 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is audiology?

A

Science concerned with hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is ophthalmology?

A

Study of the eye’s structure, function and diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are sensation and perception?

A

Processes through which we detect and understand different types of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is perception?

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is sensation?

A

Process of receiving energy from stimuli in our internal or external environment and transforming this energy into action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process by which a specialized receptor cell converts energy from an external stimulus (e.g., light, sound, heat) to an internal electrical signal (action potentials).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three things sensory systems have in common?

A

Specialized receptor cells, transduction and multiple subsystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differentiate between bottom up and top down processing

A

Bottom-up processing: sensory receptors register information about the external environment and send it up to the brain for interpretation
Top down processing: Begins with some sense of what is happening due to past experiences and applies it to incoming information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are sensory receptors connected to the brain?

A

Sensory receptors detect stimulus and transmit it to afferent (sensory) nerves which bring the information to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the different types of sensory receptors, type of energy reception and sense organ

A

Vision: photoreception (detection of light): eyes
Hearing: mechanoreception (detection of vibration): ears
Touch: mechanoreception (detection of pressure): skin
Smell: Chemoreception (detection of chemical stimuli): nose
Taste: Chemoreception (detection of chemical stimuli): tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define absolute threshold

A

minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define difference threshold

A

The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define subliminal perception

A

The detection of information below the level of conscious awareness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Signal detection theory

A

An approach to perception that focuses on decision making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define attention

A

The process of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define selective attention

A

The act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define sensory adaptation

A

A change in the responsiveness of the sensory system to the average level of stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is light?

A

A form of electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelengths: 400 - 700 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Do light waves of greater or smaller amplitude make brighter light?

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two structures in the eye bring an image into focus and how?

A

The cornea and lens bend the light falling on the surface of eye to bring an image into focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a retina

A

The multilayered, light-sensitive surface in the eye that records electromagnetic energy and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are two kinds of visual receptor cells and how do they differ in how they respond to light

A

Rods and cones. Rods locating in retina and are very light sensitive - work well at night
Cones are used for colour perception and operate best during the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the fovea?

A

tiny area in the centre of the retina that allows us to see fine details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are rods or cones located on the fovea?

A

Cones

26
Q

Define optic nerves

A

The structure at the back of the eye, made up of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual information to the brain for further processing.

27
Q

What is the visual cortex?

A

Located in the occipital lobe - major part of cerebral cortex and is used for vision where visual information is processed

28
Q

What are feature detectors

A

Neurons in the brain’s visual system that respond to particular features of a stimulus.

29
Q

How is sensory information processed so quickly

A

Parallel processing: The simultaneous distribution of information across different neural pathways.

30
Q

Define trichromatic theory

A

Theory stating that colour perception is produced by three types of cone receptors in the retina that are particularly sensitive to different, but overlapping, ranges of wavelengths.

31
Q

What did young and helmholtz reason?

A

If the combination of any three wavelengths of different intensities is indistinguishable from any single pure wavelength, the visual system must base its perception of colour on the relative responses of three receptor systems - cones sensitive to red, blue and green

32
Q

What is the opponent process theory

A

Theory stating that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colours; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue.

33
Q

Define figure-ground relationship

A

The principle by which we organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out (figure) and those that are left over (ground).

34
Q

Define Gestalt psychology

A

A school of thought that arose amongst German and Austrian psychologists in the early 1900s to explain how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.

35
Q

What are the three main principles of gestalt

A

Closure: When we view disconnected or incomplete figures, we fill in the spaces and see them as complete figures
Proximity: When we view objects that are near each other, they tend to be seen as a unit
Similarity: When we view objects that are similar to each other, they tend to be seen as a unit

36
Q

Define depth perception

A

The ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally and perceive their distance from you.

37
Q

Define binocular cues

A

Depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eye and on the way the two eyes work together.

38
Q

Define convergence

A

A binocular cue to depth and distance in which the muscle movements in an individual’s two eyes provide information about how deep and/or far away something is.

39
Q

Define monocular depth cues

A

Powerful depth cues available from the image in one eye, either the right or the left.

40
Q

Define apparent movement

A

The perception that a stationary object is moving.

41
Q

Examples of monocular cues

A

Familiar size, height in the field of view, linear perspective, overlap, shading, clarity, texture gradient

42
Q

define perceptual constancy

A

The recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing.

43
Q

Three types of perceptual constancy

A

Size, shape and colour constancy

44
Q

Sound wave amplitude

A

Amount of pressure the sound wave produces

45
Q

How many parts is the ear divided into

A

3
Outer, middle, inner ear

46
Q

What does the outer ear consist of

A

The outermost part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal.

47
Q

Function of pinna

A

funnels sound into the interior of the ear

48
Q

What does the middle ear consist of

A

The part of the ear that channels sound through the eardrum, hammer, anvil, and stirrup to the inner ear.

49
Q

What does the inner ear consist of

A

The part of the ear that includes the oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane and whose function is to convert sound waves into neural impulses and send them to the brain.

50
Q

Definition of place theory

A

Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.

51
Q

Define frequency theory

A

Theory on how the inner ear registers the frequency of sound, stating that the perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires.

52
Q

Define volley principle

A

Modification of frequency theory stating that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession, producing a volley of impulses.

53
Q

How does the brain process auditory information

A

Auditory nerve: The nerve structure that receives information about sound from the hair cells of the inner ear and carries these neural impulses to the brain’s auditory areas.

54
Q

What are tactile receptors

A

Receptors where sensations from them are perceived as pain

55
Q

Fast and slow pathways

A

Fast pathway: Myelinated A-delta fibres connect directly with the thalamus and then to the motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex; sharp localized pain
Slow pathway: Un-myelinated C-delta fibres transmit pain information through the limbic system; delays information by seconds

56
Q

What are papillae

A

Rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface that contain the taste buds, the receptors for taste.

57
Q

Define olfactory epithelium

A

The lining of the roof of the nasal cavity, containing a sheet of receptor cells for smell.

58
Q

What are kinesthetic senses

A

Senses that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.

59
Q

What are vestibular sense

A

Sense that provides information about balance and movement.

60
Q

Define semicircular canals

A

Three fluid-filled circular tubes in the inner ear containing the sensory receptors that detect head motion caused when an individual tilts or moves the head and/or the body.

61
Q

What is located at the base of the semicircular canals

A

Two organs—the utricle and saccule—that detect sustained changes in head position such as a tilt of the head to the left or right.

62
Q
A

Psych100 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions