Chapter 14

Question 1

abnormal behaviour

Answer 1

Behaviour that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.

Question 2

3 criteria of abnormal behaviour

Answer 2

1. Deviant: Behaviour that does not conform to accepted social standards
2. Maladaptive: Interferes with a person ability to function effectively in the world
3. Personal distress: The person engaging in the behaviour finds it troubling

Question 3

medical model

Answer 3

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin

Question 4

vulnerability-stress hypothesis or diathesis-stress model

Answer 4

Theory suggesting that pre-existing conditions—such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences—may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder

Question 5

DSM-5-TR

Answer 5

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in North America. TR stands for text revision and represents current updates that precede the next edition

Question 6

central criticism of DSM

Answer 6

treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses - overly biological view

Question 7

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 7

Range of neuro-developmental disorders involving impaired social interaction, communication, repetitive behaviour and restricted interests

Question 8

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 8

A psychological disorder in which a person experiences one or more bodily (somatic) symptoms and experiences excessive thoughts and feelings about these symptoms that interfere with everyday functioning

Question 9

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 9

A common psychological disorder in which the individual exhibits one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Question 10

anxiety disorders

Answer 10

Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts

Question 11

4 most common anxiety disorders

Answer 11

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Panic disorder
• Specific phobia
• Social anxiety disorder

Question 12

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 12

An anxiety disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety

Question 13

panic disorder

Answer 13

An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause

Question 14

specific phobia

Answer 14

An anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

Question 15

social anxiety disorder (SAD) or social phobia

Answer 15

An anxiety disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations

Question 16

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 16

Psychological disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours to prevent or produce some future situation

Question 17

Example of OCD related disorder

Answer 17

Body dysmorphic disorder

Question 18

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 18

Psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster

Question 19

Symptoms of PTSD

Answer 19

• Flashbacks
• Impulsive behaviour
• Feelings of anxiety
• Avoidance of emotional experiences

Question 20

What are obsessions

Answer 20

recurrent thoughts

Question 21

What are compulsions

Answer 21

Recurrent behaviours used to neutralize or cope with obsessive thoughts

Question 22

depressive disorders

Answer 22

Psychological disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life

Question 23

major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 23

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks

Question 24

Symptoms of major depressive disorder

Answer 24

• Depressed mood
• Reduced interest
• Significant weight loss
• Trouble sleeping
• Fatigue
• Feeling worthless
• Problems in thinking
• Recurrent thoughts

Question 25

bipolar disorder

Answer 25

Psychological disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania—an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

Question 26

Bipolar I and II

Answer 26

I - extreme manic episodes where one may experience hallucinations II - milder version where one may experience hypomania

Question 27

Individuals that experience less extreme depressive mood for 2 years may be diagnosed with

Answer 27

Persistent depressive disorder

Question 28

dissociative disorders

Answer 28

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts

Question 29

dissociative amnesia

Answer 29

Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress

Question 30

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 30

Dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviours, and relationships; formerly called multiple personality disorder

Question 31

psychosis

Answer 31

Psychological state in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality

Question 32

schizophrenia

Answer 32

Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality

Question 33

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 33

involve a distortion or an excess of normal function. They are "positive" because they reflect something above and beyond normal behaviour -hallucinations: Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli. - Delusions: False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture - referential thinking: Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events - thought disorder: The unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia. - movement disorders: The unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia. catatonia: State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time.

Question 34

Negative emotions of schizophrenia

Answer 34

Reflect social withdrawal, behavioural deficits and the loss/decrease of normal functions flat affect: The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Question 35

personality disorders

Answer 35

Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioural patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.

Question 36

List 10 personality disorders

Answer 36

Paranoid personality disorder: Always on lookout for danger and socially isolated Schizoid: Extreme lack of interest in interpersonal relationships Schizotypal: Socially isolated and prone to odd thinking Antisocial: Lack empathy for others, are egocentric Borderline: Emotionally volatile and unstable sense of self Histrionic: Attention seeking, dramatic Narcissistic: View themselves as entitled and better than others Avoidant: Socially inhibited Dependent: Dependent on others for emotional and physical needs Obsessive-compulsive: Conforming rigidly to rules

Question 37

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

Answer 37

Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.

Question 38

borderline personality disorder (BPD)

Answer 38

Psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions and by marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts

Question 39

ASPD is characterized by

Answer 39

- Failure to conform to social norms - Lying or conning others - Impulsivity - Irritability and aggressiveness - Reckless disregard for saftey of others - Lack of remorse

Question 40

BPD is characterized by

Answer 40

- Unstable affect - Unstable sense of self and identity - Negative interpersonal relationships - Self harm

Question 41

Interpersonal theory of sucide

Answer 41

Suicide involves 2 factors - Desire to die - Means and will to complete suicide

Question 42

stigma can create

Answer 42

significant barriers for people coping with a psychological disorder. Fear of being labelled can prevent individuals from getting treatment and talking about their problems with family