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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Small Gram-Negative Pathogens > Flashcards

Final; Small Gram-Negative Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is an obligate intracellular pathogen growing only inside cells or on live tissues and depend on their host for ATP

A

Chlamydiae

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2
Q

What are the 4 recognized species of Chlamydiae

A

C. trachomatis
C. pneumoniae
C. psittaci
C. pecorum

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3
Q

Chlamydiae is the leading cause of preventable what and the most common what

A

blindless

agents of sexually transmitted bacteria infections

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4
Q

How is Chlamydiae spread

A

droplet or direct infection

4 F’s; fingers, flies, fomites, fornication

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5
Q

Where does Chlamydiae infect

A

mucosal epithelial cells

localized; eyes, lungs, genitalia

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of a Chlamydiae genital tract infection

A

males; prostitis, epididymitis
femalse; cervicitis, PID, premature birthda, pelvic pain, newborn infection
both; urethritis, infertility, proctitis, arthritis

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7
Q

How is the disease manifested in females

A

usually asymptomatic in females; chronic or repeat infections can cause sterility and/or ectopic pregnancy

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8
Q

What is characteristic of Chlamydiae infections

A

may be acute or chronic; silent period
asymptomatic carriage results in most damage and scarring
during birth, infants can contract the infection

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9
Q

This is the non-replicating infectious particle that enters epithelial cells and is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

elementary body

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10
Q

The elementary body modifies the endocytic vesicle in which two ways

A

maintain pH above 6.2

prevents vesicle from fusion with lysosomes

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11
Q

How is the vesicle modified by the host

A

modified with host glycolipids for camouflage

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12
Q

What do the infectious EBs change into

A

larger intracellular active organisms called reticular bodies

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13
Q

What do reticular bodies do within the vesicle

A

synthesize molecules using host metabolites and energy
divide by binary fission
organisms develop slowly (2-3 days per cycle)

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14
Q

How do reticular bodies uptake nutrients

A

tube-like structures that allow them to feed on eukaryotic host cell without leaving the inclusion vacuole
18-23 tubes

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15
Q

This is inflammation of the conjunctiva, can cause blindness and scarring of the cornea

A

trachoma (C. trachomitis)

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16
Q

How is trachoma spread

A

by direct contact with yes, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals or contact with objects such as towels or washcloths

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17
Q

This is a STD, systemic invasive infection apparent in the lymph nodes that drain the genital tract found in developing countries

A

lymphogranuloma venerum

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18
Q

This is the most prevalent chlamydial pathogen in the human population; 50% of people up to age 20% are infected and 80% of older adults

A

chlamydophila pneumoniae

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19
Q

C. pneumoniae invokes what type of symptoms

A

asymptomatic or acute respiratory response but chronic respiratory infections have been associated with asthma, CF, and lunch cancer
directly observed in 40-100% of patients with atherosclerotic heart lesions

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20
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydia

A

target the metabolically active RBs
there are four membrane laters to penetrate
organisms grow slow so the antibiotics must be taken for a longer period of time

21
Q

This is an obligate intracellular small gram-negative rod bacterium that can be spread from animals to humans (zoonoses)

A

rickettsiae

22
Q

What is the main difference between rickettsiae and chlamydia

A

rickettsiae can synthesize its own ATP and is capable of independent metabolism
it may lack certain metabolites necessary for growth
no flagella or endospores
must be cultivated in animals, embryonated eggs, or cell cultures in the lab

23
Q

What are some diseases caused by rickettsiae

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

typhus

24
Q

How is rickettsiae transmitted

A

only ticks are naturally infected
the ticks feed on large mammals and the larva/nymph feed on small rodents
the bacteria is spread through the blood stream

25
Q

How does rickettsiae spread and multiply

A

attaches to vascular endothelial cells; induces endocytosis

once inside, presumably lyse the phagosome (phospholipase) and enter the cytosol

26
Q

How does R. prowazekii exit the cell

A

lysis

27
Q

How does R. ricketttsii exit the cell

A

gets extruded from the cell through local projections (filopodia)
actin helps to give it a push

28
Q

How does R. tsutsugamushi exit the cell

A

by budding through the cell membrane; will remain enveloped as it infects other cells

29
Q

What is the injury to the host as a result of Rickettsiae

A

it is proportional to the number of intracellular bacteria
lysis of cells leads to rash; hemorrhagic spots
it can travel to other vessels including heart and brain
75% of patients will clear before antimicrobial treatment

30
Q

This causes typhus fever, recrudescent typhus, and is transmitted by human lice
the reservoir is humans and flying squirrels

A

R. prowazekii

31
Q

This is prevalent and widespread, marine typhus, and is transmitted by rats and rat fleas

A

R. typhii

32
Q

This causes scrub typhus, there is a variety of antigenic types but there is no rash as observed in the other

A

Orentia tsutsugamushi

33
Q

This is an obligate intracellular bacteria discovered in 1987 that infects mostly monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

A

Ehrlichia

34
Q

What are the disease/infections of ehrlichia

A

human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
human monocytic ehrlichiosis
causes fevers, malaise, headache, and myalgia

35
Q

Where does ehrlichia develop within the cells

A

within host cell vacuoles first as reticulate cells (RC) and then as dense-core cells (DC)

36
Q

Why is diagnosing rickettsiae problematic

A

during the fist visit patients may not be aware of tick bite or have a fever/rash
required eukaryotic cell cultures or inoculation of animals
handling is hazardous

37
Q

What are the clinical diagnosis tests for rickettsiae

A

antibody titer
fluorescent antibody assay
complement fixation
latex agglutination

38
Q

This is the smallest organism capable of growth on cell-free media, its cells membranes contain sterols and is found in

A

mycoplasma

39
Q

What are some important characteristics of mycoplasma

A 
*requires sterol
characteristic "friend egg" appearance
small colonies
slow growth
lack of cell wall; not sensitive to penicillin
40
Q

What are the four species of mycoplasma that causes disease

A 
M. pneumoniae
M. genitalium
M. hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum
some microplasms are part of microbiota
41
Q

Where is M. pneumonia encountered

A

humans are the only reservoir
spread through close contact via respiratory droplets; mild to moderately contagious
is adheres to respiratory epithelium

42
Q

M. pneumoniae is typicaly referred to as what

A

“walking pneumonia” primary atypical pneumonia; not cleared by penicillin

43
Q

Where does M. pneumonia infect

A

colliery function of the lungs is impaired
it is largely limited to the respiratory mucosa that lines the airways
doesn’t get into lung alveoli; bronchopneumonia
tissue toxin substances may include H2O2

44
Q

What are the main cells of the inflammatory response

A

lymphocytes

45
Q

What type of damage can M. pneumonia cause besides in the respiratory tract

A 
hemolytic anemia; IgM = cold hemagglutinins, colder temps cause them to aggregate 
encephalitis
erythema multiforme (rash)
46
Q

This is the newest emerging human pathogen causing urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, and PID

A

M. genitalium

47
Q

These are frequently associated with diseases in newborns, commonly found in respiratory and genitourinary tract; and is present in most of the sexually active population

A

M. hominis and U. urealyticum

48
Q

True or False

M. hominis and U. urealyticum can be isolated from the spinal fluid of newborns, but always cause disease

A

False; it doesn’t always cause disease

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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