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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Clostridia > Flashcards

Final; Clostridia Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What oxygen level does clostridium tolerate

A

strictly anaerobic

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2
Q

clostridium are gram-positive rods that produce what

A

endospores

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3
Q

How many clostridium species are responsible for human infections and are in the environment

A

~30 cause infection in humans

>50 are found in the environment

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4
Q

What does clostridium produce that is responsible for disease symptoms

A

proteinaceous toxins

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5
Q

This clostridium species causes pseudomembraneous colitis (PMC)

A

C. difficile

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6
Q

This clostridium species causes cellulitis, gas gangrene, and food posioning

A

C. perfringens

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7
Q

This clostridium species causes botulism

A

C. botulinum

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8
Q

This clostridium species causes tetanus

A

C. tetani

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9
Q

This is a metabolically inactive state in which organisms can remain viable for hundreds of years; making them resistant to adverse conditions

A

endospore

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10
Q

What can cause endospore formation

A

unfavorable environment, of which when the environment becomes favorable then growth resumes

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11
Q

This is a yellow plaque containing fibrin and cellular debris in ulcers of colonic mucosa and is the leading cause of nonsocomial dirrhea

A

psuedomembraneuous colitis

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12
Q

True or False

C. difficile is harbored in a dormant state in the large intestine of small percentage of healthy humans in low numbers

A

True

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13
Q

How is C. difficile transmitted

A

transmitted as the endospore via hands of health care personnel

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14
Q

What is the disease state of C difficile associated with

A

antimicrobial drugs; spores are resistant to antibiotics of which will only kill the normal flora

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15
Q

The spore produce what which results in diarrhea

A

produces a toxin; invasion of the bowel wall does not occur

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16
Q

What is toxin A of C. difficile

A

enterotoxin; fluid production and damage to the mucosa

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17
Q

What is toxin B of C. difficile

A

cytotoxin; round of tissue-culture cells

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18
Q

How to toxin A and B of C. difficile act

A

act in the cytoplasm of the host cell to glycosylate GTP-binding proteins
the cell then loses cytoskeletal structures and dies

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19
Q

This is found in the soil (except Sahara desert) and intestinal tract of animals and is a major pathogen of wound infections (especially war wounds)

A

C. perfringens

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20
Q

What type of damage does C. perfringens inflict

A

local damage and systemic effects

invasive properties due to a variety of toxins produced

21
Q

Severe trauma introduces C. perfringens spores from that environment that germinate under what conditions

A

anaerobic
compromised blood supply
calcium ions
availability of peptides and amino acids

22
Q

Toxins produced by C. perfringens typically cause what

A

cellulitis that can lead to gas gangrene, associated with systemic signs of shock

23
Q

How many different toxins does C. perfringens produce and what is the main one

A

12

Alpha-toxin (lecithinase) damages cell membranes and causes gas gangrene

24
Q

How does alpha toxin of C. perfringens cause gangrene

A

it hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin that leads to cell death
muscle tone is destroyed
shock and renal failure usually result (100% fatal is left untreated)

25
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for C. perfringens

A 
surgical removal of infected tissue
antibiotics to control
antitoxin from horses (little effect)
high oxygen concentrations
prompt care in imperative
26
Q

This is the third most common type of food poisoning in the US

A

C. perfringens

27
Q

What causes the C. perfringens food poisoning

A

sporulatng C. perfringens produce enterotoxin in intestines of people who have consumed contaminated food
causes diarrhea but disappears in 1-3 days

28
Q

This is found in soil and marine sediments and is the causative agent of botulism

A

C. botulinum

29
Q

What is special about the C. botulinum spores

A

They are heat-resistant which often survive food processing and germinate in an anaerobic condition

30
Q

How does C. botulinum cause botulism

A

the intoxication of ingestion of pre-formed toxin (do not need to organism to be present)

31
Q

True or False

botulism is not a bioweapon or bioterrorism threat

A

False; it is a threat

32
Q

What are the C. botulinum toxins

A

produces 8 neurotoxins (BoNT) serotypes A-g

and are among the most poisonous substances known* with one 1 component of the toxin

33
Q

What is the lethal dose of the C. botulinum toxins in humans

A

< 1µg

34
Q

What is the mechanism of the C. botulinum toxins

A

it prevents the release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter and cleaves the proteins involved in docking of neurotransmitters (zinc metalloprotease)

35
Q

What are the symptoms of C. botulinum toxin

A

flaccid paralysis within 12-36 hours
cranial nerves affected first
paralysis descends, respiratory failure

36
Q

This is the ingestion of preformed toxin in food that have not been canned or preserved properly

A

food-borne botulism

37
Q

This is the systemic spread of toxin produced by organisms inhabiting wounds

A

wound botulism (rare)

38
Q

This is the intestinal colonization of organisms in infants younger than 1 year, “floppy state” has a favorable outcome

A

infant botulism

39
Q

What is the current mortality rate, with good supportive care for botulism

A

25%

40
Q

What is the treatment for botulism

A

trivalent antitoxin from a horse

however some muscles may be permanently damaged

41
Q

This is ubiquitous in the GI tract of humans and animals, also in the soil (spore resistant to the environment), and infection is usually associated with traumatic wounds

A

C. tetani

42
Q

What is the major toxin of C. tetani

A

tetanospasmin

43
Q

Tetanospasmin is responsible for what

A

all symptoms of tetanus

similar structure to the botulism toxin

44
Q

How does tetanospasmin cause tetanus

A

attaches to peripheral nerve near wound and is transmitted to cranial nerve nuclei
it inhibits neurotransmitter release (GABA) and inhibitory input
results in reflex spasms and spastic paralysis

45
Q

This is the tetanic spasm of masseter muscle that prevents the opening of the mouth

A

trismus; lockjaw

seen in 80% of cases

46
Q

What are the symptoms of tetanus

A

paralysis descends to the neck and back muscles and produces rigidity of abdomen and stiffness of extremities
tonic seizures
respiratory failure due to paralysis of chest muscles

47
Q

What is used to treat/prevent tetanus

A

DPT (diptheria pertussis and tetanus) vaccine
human globulin as passive immunity to tetanus-prone wounds
surgical debridement of the wound to prevent bacterial growth

48
Q

What is the mortality rate of tetanus

A

11%

antitoxin should be administered immediately along with penicillin to prevent further paralysis

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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