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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Retroviruses, AIDS, and Tumor Viruses > Flashcards

Final; Retroviruses, AIDS, and Tumor Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

Who are the members of the 4H risk group for HIV/AIDS

A

homosexual men
heroine addicts
Haitians
hemophiliacs

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2
Q

How many types of HIV are there

A

HIV-1

HIV-2

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3
Q

Where does HIV seem to originate from

A

the simian virus from Africa

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4
Q

Which type of HIV is mostly a heterosexual disease

A

HIV-2

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5
Q

This a large and diverse group of viruses with a unique replication cycle

A

retroviruses

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6
Q

In which genre of animals are retroviruses ubiquitous, albeit benign and causing little to no impact

A

vertebrates

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7
Q

This retrovirus does not cause disease in humans but makes foamy structures inside the cell

A

spumaviruses

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8
Q

What are the two subfamilies of retroviridae

A

orthoretroviridae

spumaviridae

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9
Q

What is the genome of the retroviridae

A

+ssRNA, diploid identical copies

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10
Q

What is the virion of the retroviridae

A

enveloped

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11
Q

What special proteins do the retroviridae contain

A

reverse transcriptase
integrase
protease

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12
Q

What were retroviruses historically characterized by

A

nucleocapsid structure and location of the particle

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13
Q

What are retroviruses now characterized by

A

genome contents; either simple or complex

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14
Q

What are the genes that simple retroviruses encode

A

gag, pro, pol, and env genes

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15
Q

What is the replication cycle of retroviruses

A 
attachment
entry
reverse transcription
integration
transcription
translation
assembly
release
matuation
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16
Q

This converts viral ssRNA to dsDNA

A

reverse transcriptase

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17
Q

This puts the viral dsDNA into the host genome making a provirus

A

integrase (integration)

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18
Q

This is the defining feature of a retrovirus

A

reverse transcription

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19
Q

Reverse transcription initiates when

A

once the nucleocapsid is in the cytoplasm

needs higher levels of NTPs (nucleoside triphosphate)

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20
Q

Where does reverse transcription occur

A

within a large complex similar to the nucleocapsid

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21
Q

Reverse transcription is this between genome copies

A

promiscuous

many different recombinations when different genomes are in the virion

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22
Q

What must take place in order for integration to occur

A

it must have access to the nucleus during mitosis

although it can also infect non-dividing cell via importation (mechanism unknown)

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23
Q

How is the viral genome integrated into the host genome

A

3’ end processing of dsDNA
attack target DNA, nick created
host repair

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24
Q

True or False

Integration is permanent, there is no mechanism to remove it

A

True

25
Q

If integrated into the germ-line, then provirus is inherited and is called what

A

endogenous

26
Q

Which type of integration is identified as oncogenes

A

transcription factor
secreted growth factors
growth factor receptors
cell signal transduction pathway

27
Q

True or False

There are many defective viruses made during replication

A

True

28
Q

What constitutes a defective virus

A

missing at least one of gag, pol, or env

29
Q

In order to make progeny of a defective virus, what must happen

A

a complementary infection with a virus that is not missing the defective gene

30
Q

Many retrovirus infections are what

A

benign and usually not cytopathic with little impact to cell replication and physiology

31
Q

Chronic infections of retroviruses cause what

A

they exert a small demand on cell and host resources but do cause viremia (virus in blood) and elicit an immune response

32
Q

True or False

Viruses are never eliminated by the host response

A

True

33
Q

In this type of retrovirus, the effect is like high-level mutagenesis and eventually results in tumoriogenesis

A

slow retrovirus

34
Q

In this type of retrovirus, the majority carry cytopathic genes and directly cause tissue damage

A

cytopathic retrovirus

35
Q

In this type of retrovirus, it induces rapid tumor formation, caries host genes (mitogenic or antiapoptotic) and is often replication defective because host gene replaces an essential gene

A

acute transforming viruses

36
Q

What are the four distance types of Human T Cell Leukemia virus (HTLV)

A

1, 2, 3, and 4

HTLV-1 associated with humans

37
Q

What type of retrovirus is HTLV-1

A

deltaretrovirus

38
Q

How is HTLV-1 transmitted

A

person to person;
breastfeeding
sharing needles
sexual transmission (less efficient)

39
Q

How is HTLV-1 transmitted within the host

A

highly cell associated

primary contact between infected and naive cells

40
Q

What diseases can result from HTLV-1

A

adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL); occurs in 2-4% of cases
HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP); occurs in 1-2% of cases

41
Q

How long is the incubation of ATLL

A

30-50 years

42
Q

What cells does ATLL infect (HTLV-1)

A

memory T cells
antigen activators trigger transcription of provirus, viral tax protein stimulates cell proliferation, the cell transform forming tumors with out without viral protein expression

43
Q

How are ATLL and HAM/TSP transmitted

A

ATLL; mucosal infection

HAM/TSP; transfusion

44
Q

What cells does HAM/TSP infect

A

infected T cells enter the CNS
activating astrocytes and microglial cells
recruiting inflammatory cells which cause further damage

45
Q

What are the symptoms of HAM/TSP

A

onset 3 years after infection
starts with bladder control issues
progressing to lower back pain, leg weakness, or stiffness in hips/knees
men will suffer impotence or erectile dysfunction

46
Q

What is used to prevent HTLV-1

A

eliminate breastfeeding for positive people

increased screening for blood products

47
Q

What is used to treat ATLL

A

treat the lymphoma/leukemia with chemo

48
Q

What is used to treat HAM/TSP

A

corticosteriods

interferon yields temporary relief of symptoms

49
Q

What family is HIV apart of

A

lentivirus

two types of HIV, 1 and 2

50
Q

How was HIV identified

A

due to immune deficiencies occurring in previously healthy young gay men

51
Q

Where is the highest prevalence of HIV

A

in sub-sarahan Africa

52
Q

How is HIV transmitted

A

sexual transmission; male to male is highest
parenteral; transfusion, needle sharing
mother to infant

53
Q

What is the latent period of HIV

A

6 months to 25 years

54
Q

In what part of the body does the HIV infection start

A

infection begins virus containing blood/body fluid to mucosal membrane
targets CD4+ cells
initial acute infection usually 2 weeks after exposure

55
Q

What are the symptoms indicative of an HIV infection

A

mucocutaenous ulceration and weight loss

GALT seeded as a result of acute infection (reservoir)

56
Q

What happens as HIV established a chronic infection

A

ongoing viral replication and T cell depletion

57
Q

What results as a chronic HIV infection

A

opportunistic infections increase

wasting

58
Q

What are the prevention strategies regarding HIV

A

sexual behavior and protection

blood screening

59
Q

What are the treatments for HIV

A

no vaccine

antivirals; AZT is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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