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SP14 Microbiology > EX2 S. pneumoniae, B. pertussis, L. pneumophila, and Mycobacterium - Daniels > Flashcards

EX2 S. pneumoniae, B. pertussis, L. pneumophila, and Mycobacterium - Daniels Flashcards

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1
Q

Strep pneumoniae is what gram stain, shape, oxygen level, spore, and capsule

A 
gram +
diplococci
aerotolerant anaerobe
non-spore forming
encapsulated
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2
Q

S. pneumoniae is the main cause of what

A

community-acquired pneumonia

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3
Q

What are the results of hemolysis, catalase, and what is the test that presumptively identifies strep pneumonia

A

α-hemolysis (completely lyse)
catalase negative
optochin susceptibility identifies it

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4
Q

What genre of people carry S. pneumoniae and how is it transmitted

A

young children; nasopharyngeal mucosa

transmission via respiratory secretion/hands

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5
Q

What is the key location of entry for S. pneumoniae

A

lower airway

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6
Q

What are some risk factors for a S. pneumoniae infection

A 
viral infection
smoking
loss of consciousness
edema in lungs
high risk, age, demographics
season
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7
Q

What are the four stages of pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae

A
  1. alveoli fill with fluid
  2. early consolidation phase
  3. late consolidation phase
  4. recovery phase
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8
Q

What phase of pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae involves neutrophil inflammation

A

early consolidation phase

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9
Q

What phase of pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae involves the alveoli becoming packed with neutrophils and the affected tissues become solid

A

late consolidation phase

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10
Q

What is involved with the recover phase of S. pneumoniae infection

A

macrophages phagocytose debris

normal architecture is re-established

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11
Q

What other diseases besides pneumonia does S. pneumoniae cause

A

otitis media
pleural effusion (fluid in chest)
bacteremia –> meninigitis

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12
Q

What can you use to treat a S. pneumoniae infection

A

antibiotics; penicillins, macrolides, pluroquinolones

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13
Q

True or False

There is a vaccine for S. pneumoniae, made of capsular antigens

A

True

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14
Q

Legionella pneumophila is what gram, shape, oxygen level

A

gram -
pleomorphic rods
obligate aerobe

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15
Q

What is special about L. pneumophila in regards to lab and identification

A

it is fastidious; requiring special conditions

requires cysteine

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16
Q

L. pneumophila is a parasite of what

A

protozoa; biolfims

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17
Q

True or False

L. pneumophila cannot withstand high temps

A

False; L. pneumophila can withstand up to 46° C

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18
Q

True or Fales

You cannot spread L. pneumophila person to person (by cough)

A

True

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19
Q

L. pneumophila bacteria are phagocytosed where and by what

A

they are phagocytosed in the alveoli by alveolar macrophages

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20
Q

L. pneumophila virulent strains multiply where and cause what

A

multiply within autophagosomes (double membrane RER)

cause inflammation; acute bronchopneumonia

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21
Q

Acute bronchpneumina caused by L. pneumophila can result to what

A

recruitment of more macrophages
abscess formation
suppurative (neutrophils)

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22
Q

L. pneumophila induces what two immune responses

A

cell-mediated immune response

virulence/proimflammatory mechanism

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22
Q

This includes the secretion of IFN-γ and causes iron sequestration; decreases replication of bacteria

A

cell-mediated immune response

22
Q

L. pneumophila has LPS and flagellin (virulence which allows survival in macrophages) which stimulates what

A

enhances inflammation via innate immune system

22
Q

Anti-microbial drugs are good with what

A

intracellular penetration

22
Q

True or False

Whopping cough is VERY contagious

A

True; 90% attack rate

one person can infect 12-15 others

22
Q

Bordatella bronchiseptica is what

A

canine infectious tracheobronchitis; kennel cough

22
Q

Penicillins are not effective against L. pneumophila why

A

they cannot achieve therapeutic concentration in the macrophages (where it festers)

22
Q

Bordetella pertussis (and parapertussis) are what gram, shape, and oxygen level

A

gram -
rods
obligate aerobe

22
Q

B. pertussis causes what fatal disease in infants

A

whopping cough

22
Q

Where is B. pertussis encountered, where does it enter, and where does it spread

A

encountered via infected people
colonized the nasopharynx
spreads to the trachea and bronchi

22
Q

What mechanism does B. pertussis use to spread

A

ciliary adherence via filamentous hemagglutinin, pili, and pertactin

23
Q

What toxins does B. pertussis contain

A

pertussis toxin
adenylate cyclase/hemolysin
endotoxin

23
Q

What does adenylate cyclase/hemolysin do

A

upregulates host cAMP which decreases neutrophil function, increases capillary permeability; resulting in edema

23
Q

What toxins does B. parapertussis

A

adenylate cyclase/hemolysin
endotoxin
(no pertussis toxin)

23
Q

What is the first stage of B. pertussis infection

A

catarrhal stage
really bad runny nose; mistaken for a bad cold
EXTREMELY CONTAGIOUS

23
Q

What is the second stage of B. pertussis infection

A

paroxysmal stage (cough)

23
Q

Why is laboratory diagnosis of pertussis tricky

A

fewer organisms shed in paroxysmal stage
deep nasal swab or nasal flush
diagnosable < 3 weeks of cough onset

23
Q

What is the main type of prevention against B. pertussis

A

vaccination
dTAP
Tdap

24
Q

What is the main component of B. pertussis vaccination

A

acellular pertussis

25
Q

Mycobacterium spp. cause what diseases

A

tuberculosis (M. bovis, M. avium-intracellulare)

leprosy (M. leprae)

26
Q

True or False

M. tuberculosis is highly contagious

A

True

27
Q

Opportunistic disease is caused by what

A

rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM)

28
Q

Mycobacterium live in what oxygen level and do that undergo spore formation or not

A

obligate aerobes

non-spore forming

29
Q

Mycobacterium have what type of cell wall

A

thick sticky cell wall

mycolic acid binds carbol fuscin dye

30
Q

Mycobacterium are encountered how, they multiple where, and spread where

A

encountered via ingestion or inhalation

can either multiply in the intestine or lung

31
Q

Mycobacterium is killed by cell mediated immunity but then under go what

A

latency period

upon reactivation, is deemed secondary TB

32
Q

How does a Mycobacterium granuloma form

A

multiplication in macrophages
activation of CD4 (TH1)
cytokine profile of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2
recruitment of more macrophages

33
Q

What is the structure of a Mycobacterium granuloma

A

shell of CD4 lymphocytes and a center of infected macrophages

34
Q

What is used to diagnose TB

A

intradermal skin test
acid-fast sputum
culture (very slow)
PCR

35
Q

This is a granulomatous disease what spreads via respiratory route of which the organism prefers lower temperature (skin)

A

leprosy (M. leprae)

36
Q

What are the two forms of leprosy

A

tuberculoid

lepromatous

37
Q

This is a milder form of leprosy, may be self limiting, and very few bacteria are present in the lesions

A

tuberculoid leprosy

38
Q

This is a sever, disfiguring form of leprosy, many organisms are found in the lesions, and cell-mediated immunity is significantly decreased

A

lepromatous leprosy

39
Q

True or False

M. leprae is uncultivable in vitro

A

True

40
Q

What animal may be a carrier of lepromatous disease (~20%)

A

armadillos

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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