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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Fungi > Flashcards

Final; Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cell membrane and the cell wall of fungi contains

A

cell membrane; ergosterol

cell wall; chitin, manna, and glucan

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2
Q

Fungi that cause disease in humans have what two forms

A

unicellular; yeast

multicellular filamentous; mold

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3
Q

What percentage of fungi cause disease in humans

A

less than 1%

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4
Q

What do yeasts use to divide

A

budding or binary fission

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5
Q

This is modified budding, where the new cells remain attached to parental cells

A

pseudomycellum

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6
Q

Filamentous multicellular fungi have what type of branching filaments

A

hyphae

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7
Q

True or False

Many pathogenic fungi exist as molds and yeasts

A

True; dimorphism

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8
Q

*What induces phase changes of fungi in and which is most likely to be found in the human body and what is the exception

A

temperature
yeasts
Candida is the exception, it is a mold found in tissues

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9
Q

What is important about fungi as pathogens invading the human body

A

they invade as opportunistic infections, in those who are immunosupressed

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10
Q

What are the mechanisms of which fungi are encountered

A

incidental environment contact

normal human flora

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11
Q

What is the primary human mechanism to get rid of fungal infections

A

neutrophagocytosis and killing, in those that are too large to be phagocytosed, they secrete lysosomal enzymes onto the fungi
minor antibody response
T cell-mediated needed to eliminate infection

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12
Q

What allows entry and infection of the fungi

A

alteration in normal flora or compromised skin/mucosal surfaces

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13
Q

*This type of mycoses infection is caused by fungal pathogens that are restricted geographically

A

endemic mycoses

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14
Q

*This type of mycoses infection is caused by fungi that are not true pathogens

A

opportunistic mycoses

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15
Q

*This type of mycoses are true pathogens that typically result in systemic infections in healthy individuals

A

endemic mycoses

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16
Q

*This type of mycoses cause systemic infections only in immunocompromised patients

A

opportunistic mycoses

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17
Q

Where is histoplasma most likely to be found

A

In the soil enhanced by high nitrogen content

“histo-belt” mid southeastern US; Mississippi river area

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18
Q

How does histoplasma gain entry into the host

A

not well understood

conidia (spores and filaments) are inhaled and invade mucosal barriers and transform to yeast phase

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19
Q

What is required for histoplasma pathogenicity

A

transforation to yeast phase

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20
Q

What is the virulence of histoplasma directly related to

A

tolerance of warmer temperatures

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21
Q

What system infection does H. capsulatum cause

A

reticuloendothelial system infection

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22
Q

How does H. capsulatum spread and multiply

A

phagocytosis does not always kill
spreads via lymph
cell mediated immunity required to resolve infection; can be reactivated

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23
Q

How does H. capsulatum induce damage

A

damage due to inoculum size and immune response

extensive or prolongues exposure can result in pneumonia

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24
Q

What may develop in pre-disposed patients (COPD) due to H. capsulatum

A

chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis; fatal

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25
Q

What types disseminated histoplasmosis are there

A

acute; cell mediated immune deficiencies such as T cell function
chronic; older adults, may die without treatment

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26
Q

Where is blastomycosis found

A

soil and decaying wood

found in mississippi river valley and southeastern states, but extends into canada; Wisconsin

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27
Q

How does B. dermatitidis spread and multiply

A

multiplies in lungs and causes pneumonia
skin lesions develop
cell medited immunity needed to eradicate and granulomas develop

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28
Q

Where is coccidioidomycosis found

A

burrows in desert animals
exists only in lower sonoran; SW US and upper mexico
blooms form

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29
Q

How does coccidioides enter the host

A

highly infectious, inhaled into alveoli
transform to large sperules (not temp. dependent), filled with hundreds of endospores
spherule is resistant to phagocytosis

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30
Q

How does C. immitis spread and multiply in the host

A

targets lungs and causes acute pulmonary infection
arthralgias and skin nodules can develop
desert rheumatism or valley fever
usually self limiting

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31
Q

C. immitis causes this in dark-skinned individuals, pregnant women, and the immunocompromised

A

disseminated coccididodiomycosis

chronic meningitis complication is fatal if not treated

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32
Q

This treatment for coccididodiomycosis involves binding to cell wall ergosterol and forming channels

A

polyenes

amphoericin B in diseminated infections

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33
Q

This treatment for coccididodiomycosis involves the interference with ergosterol synthesis; it is fungistatic

A

Azoles

intraconazole

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34
Q

This type of mycoses involved the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and lymphatics

A

subcutaneous mycoses

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35
Q

This type of mycoses is limited to skin and skin structures

A

superficial and cutaneous mycoses

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36
Q

This has round or oval yeasts, reproduces by forming buds or blastoconidia and some for hyphae in vivo

A

Candida albicans

37
Q

*This is the most frequent opportunistic fungal pathogen

A

Candida albicans

38
Q

*Most Candida albicans infections are what

A

endogenous; derived from the host normal flora

39
Q

*Where is Candida albicans present in the human

A

pharynx, bowels, vagina, skin of healthy individuals

troposim for kidney

40
Q

*When does Candida albicans cause infection

A

When normal flora is disrupted

due to broad spectrum antibiotics, decreasing T cell function resulting in mucosal infection

41
Q

*What is the dimorphism exception for Candida albicans

A

mycelial form, not the yeast for, many times found in tissue

42
Q

Where in the body would you find candidasis

A

muscoal surfaces (invasion not known)
cutaneous
systemic

43
Q

True or False

All systemic candida infection are potentially life threatening

A

True

44
Q

What are the symptoms of candidasis

A

trush; white lesions
intertriginous candidasis; moist warm areas
disseminated infection

45
Q

Where is cryptococcus found

A

yeast found in soil contaminated with bird excreta; pigeons/rotted fruits/veggies
grows well at 37º

46
Q

What does cryptococcus produce in tissues, but not in the environment

A

a large polysaccharide capsule

47
Q

*This is prominent in AIDS, transplant, and other immunosupressed patients; 20% of patients infected are immunocompetent

A

cryptococcosis

48
Q

*A pulmonary cryptococcus infection can cause what if inhaled

A

pneumonia

can be asymptomatic with damage

49
Q

*A disseminated cryptococcus infection can cause what

A

neurotropism; meningitis
brain abcesses have little or no inflammatory responses
damage due to displacement and pressure on brain tissue

50
Q

What does the body do to contain the spread of cryptococcus

A

neutrophils and macrophages protect against initial infection but phagocytosis is inhibited by capsule, it also down regulated Th1

51
Q

What does C. neoformans produce that enhances virulence by increases the strength of its cell wall, resisting enzyme degradation and free radicals

A

melanin

52
Q

Where is aspergillus found

A

its ubiquitous; found in air, soil, water, and vegetation
filamentous in environemnt
septated hyphae

53
Q

What are the major pathogenic species of aspergillus

A

A. fumigatus and A. flavus
do not grow in normal tissues, only causes disease in profoundly immunocompromised patients
can be nonscomial

54
Q

*How is aspergillus spread

A

inhalation into upper and lower respiratory tract

55
Q

*What does aspergillus germinate into

A

conidia into hyphae

56
Q

*What is different about the immune respond to conidia of aspergillus compared to the hyphae

A

pulmonary macrophages phagocytose conidia but not hyphae

neutrophils line up along the hyphae to kill it using oxygen radicals

57
Q

*How does the hyphae of aspergillus invade

A

angioinvasive; invade through blood vessel walks causing tissue infarction, hemorrhage, and necrosis

58
Q

What is the initial site of invasion involving aspergillus

A

lung or paranasal sinus

59
Q

What may invasive pulmonary aspergillosis cause

A

intracerebral and other organ abcesses

necrotic skin lesions

60
Q

What noninfectious disease can aspergillus cause

A

allergy and asthma
pneunomia
toxic metabolic products

61
Q

Murcormycosis is similar to aspergillus how

A

it is similar in the invasion of its hyphae (angioinvasiveness)
opportunistic fungal infections

62
Q

What are the two principal clinical manifestations of Murcormycosis

A

rhinocerebral form; unique to diabetics

disseminated murcormycosis; pulmonary lesions

63
Q

This have never been grown in vitro, is extracellular, does not readily invade tissues, and is confined to pulmonary spaces

A

pneumocystis

64
Q

A pneumocystis infection is common, but disease is rare, why is this

A

it may qualify as normal flora

it is presumably inhaled from the environment but the niche is unknown

65
Q

What disease does pneumocystis cause

A

pneunomia

sentinel infection in AIDS - highly virulent

66
Q

What infections can superficial mycoses

A

colonization of stratum corneum by yeast
seborrheic dermatitis
tinea versicolor

67
Q

*This is the most common fungal infections in humans

A

dermatophyte skin infections; examples are athletes foot, ringworm, jock itch, etc.

68
Q

*What are the clinical disease of dermatophyte skin infections called

A

tineas

may be acute or chronic

69
Q

*How can adults encounter dermatophytes

A

coming into close contact with lots of children

70
Q

*What are the clinical manifestations of dermatophytes

A

it may vary
scaly, itchy, lesions of scalp
patchy hair loss

71
Q

*This type of dermatophyte is isolated from soil

A

geophilic

72
Q

*This type of dermatophyte is from domestic and wild animals

A

zoophilic

73
Q

*This type of dermatophyte is exclusively in humans and their habitat

A

anthropophilic

74
Q

*Which type of dermatophyte often causes chronic infections and may be difficult to treat

A

anthropophilic

75
Q

*This type of immunity to pathogenic fungi is high for most people

A

innate

76
Q

*Why is innate immunity high for most people involved with fungal infection

A

skin and mucosa are excellent barrier to fungi; dry, cell sloughing, fatty acids, and low pH
bacterial flora hostile to fungi

77
Q

*What is required for entry of dermatophytes

A

skin trauma; continuous moist conditions are important

78
Q

*Infections are more common when when is what

A

occluded with nonporous materials;
increases hydration and temp of skin
interferes with stratum corneum function

79
Q

How do dermatophytes cause damage

A

it grows outward in centrifugal pattern; viable fungal elements at inflamed margin, central area has few/no viable fungi

80
Q

What type of infection is rare with dermatophytes

A

systemic infections; due to the inability of them to grow at human body temperature and the presence of non-specidic serum factors

81
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses disease cause caused only under what conditions

A

conditions of trauma; enter the skin via thorns, splinters; and evolve over several weeks

82
Q

What is the characteristic of a subcutaneous mycoses infection

A

generally localized with few systemic symptoms; lesions heal after antifungals
can cause more damage in the immunocompromised

83
Q

This type of subcutaneous mycoses is found in the soil, moss, decaying wood, and vegetation; can cause sporotrichosis

A

sporothric schenckii

84
Q

How does subcutaneous mycoses spread

A

skin lesion leads to lymph and vessels

85
Q

What are some further diseases following a subcutaneous mycoses infection

A

pulmonary sporotrichosis

disseminated sporotrichosis

86
Q

Where in the world do you find subcutaneous mycoses

A

tropical areas

soil

87
Q

These are scaly wart like lesions on the feet requiring surgery or amputation

A

chromoblastomycosis

88
Q

This anti fungal inhibits squalene epoxidase blocking ergosterol synthesis

A

allylamines

89
Q

This anti fungal inhibits the synthesis of β-(1-3)-D-glucan in fungal cell walls

A

echinocandins

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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