EX1 Transplant Immunology - Bailey

Question 1

cells or tissues that is being transplanted

Answer 1

graft

Question 2

transplanting a cell or tissue to the same anatomical site

Answer 2

orthotopic

Question 3

transplanting a cell or tissue to a different anatomical site

Answer 3

heterotopic

Question 4

transfer of circulating cells from one individual to another

Answer 4

transfusion

Question 5

graft transplant from one individual to the same individual

Answer 5

autologous graft

Question 6

graft transplanted between two genetically identical (or very similar) individuals

Answer 6

syngeneic graft

Question 7

graft between two genetically different individuals

Answer 7

allogenic graft

Question 8

Peter Medawar proved that graft rejection was dependent upon the activation of the ________ immune response (more specifically ___ cells)

Answer 8

adaptive

T cells

Question 9

Rejection of the graft is due to _____ mismatch

Answer 9

MHC

Question 10

The body is able to eliminate T cells that recognize self antigens AND self _____; this is why a graft that has self antigens and DIFFERENT _____ is rejected

Answer 10

MHC

non-self MHC = allogenic MHC

Question 11

True or False

Allogenic MHC and a self peptide can mimic the structure of a foreign peptide and self MHC

Answer 11

True; this can lead to graft rejection

Question 12

When T cells recognize allogenic MHC (or allogenic MHC + self peptide) this is a (direct/indirect) alloantigen recognition

Answer 12

direct

Question 13

Alloantigen recognition can also be indirect via the uptake of allogenic MHC by an ______ and presenting it as a _____ _____, and the T cell recognizes it as (self/non-self)

Answer 13

APC
self peptide
self

Question 14

This graft rejection occurs in couple of days after; it is due to pre-existing alloreactive antibodies which lead to the complement cascade and inflammation, etc.

Answer 14

Hyperacute rejection

Question 15

This graft rejection occurs over a weeks time due to the activation of CD8 and B cells which produce antibodies that activate complement, etc, etc.

Answer 15

Acute rejection

Question 16

This graft rejection results from macrophage activation in parenchyma thats leads to cytokine production and growth factors that intimal thickening

Answer 16

chronic rejection

Question 17

In order to prevent graft rejection _________ medication is taken to reduce T cell activity

Answer 17

immunosuppression

Question 18

Immunosuppressive drugs work by inhibiting ______ production but can also reduce ______ and block _____ and ____

Answer 18

cytokine
IL-2
CD3 and B7

Question 19

These type of transplants are used for the treatment of __________ diseases

Answer 19

Bone marrow transplant

hematological (cancer, immunodeficiencies, etc)

Question 20

Bone marrow transplant recipients run the risk of developing _____ ____ _____ disease

Answer 20

graft versus host (graft = bone marrow, attacking the host = recipient)

Question 21

The first real evidence that the immune system is involved with cancer is that ____ cells taken from a mouse with a tumor and transplanted into a mouse without the tumor is now (resistant/not-resistant) to that type of cancer

Answer 21

CD8

resistant

Question 22

True or False

T cells cannot recognize cancers and antigens

Answer 22

False; T cells recognize antigens and there are several antigens associated with tumor cells such as mutated self, oncogenes, etc.

Question 23

Some tumors down regulate ______ which will trigger the activation of ____ cells; thus stimulating apoptosis in the cancer/tumor

Answer 23

MHCI

NK cells

Question 24

Activated NK cells produce _____ which stimulates the production of ______

Answer 24

IFN-γ

macrophages

Question 25

If the tumor-associated macrophages do not receive ______, then they can _______ tumor formation

Answer 25

IFN-γ

enhance

Question 26

IFN-γ leads to the formation of (M1/M2) macrophages

Answer 26

M1

Question 27

IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 lead to the activation of (M1/M2) macrophages

Answer 27

M2

Question 28

True or False

M1 macrophages enhance tumor

Answer 28

False; M1 macrophages suppress tumors/kill tumor cells; M2 macrophages enhance tumors

Question 29

The principal mechanism of tumor immunity is killing tumor cells by _____

Answer 29

CD8, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

Question 30

CD8 T cells are most effective against ______ ____ _____ tumors

Answer 30

DNA virus-induced

Question 31

T cells can induce ______ in cancer cells; via perforin and granzymes

Answer 31

apoptosis

Question 32

True or False

In some cases CTLs are phagocytosed into the tumor cell therefore activating other CTLs (cross priming)

Answer 32

True

Question 33

The role of CD4 cells (is/is not) clear

Answer 33

is not clear; many help activate CD8, or produce Th1 cytokines

Question 34

B cells are important for anti-tumor immunity via ____ _____ ______ _______

Answer 34

antibody mediated NK cell cytotoxicity; NK cells induce apoptosis, etc.)

Question 35

People with _____ ______ _____ are at an increased risk of developing cancers

Answer 35

chronic inflammatory diseases

Question 36

How can the immune system lead to cancer; _______ can lead to hyperplasia (increased cell proliferation) which can lead to _______, and ____ ____ can damage nucleic acids

Answer 36

cytokines
dysplasia (abnormal cell development)
free radicals