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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Respiratory Viruses > Flashcards

Final; Respiratory Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of influenza

A

A, B , and C (the most rare)

type A is the most common and associated with the greatest concern

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2
Q

What is the genome of influenza

A

-ssRNA in 8 segments

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3
Q

What type of virion is influenza

A

enveloped

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4
Q

What are the special surface antigens of influenza

A 
16 HA (hemagglutinin) serotypes
9 NA (neuraminidase) serotypes
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5
Q

What is a major determinant for human to human transmission of influenza

A

HA

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6
Q

Which type of influenza has an animal reservoir

A

type A; mostly waterfowl

the pig is a key between bird and human transmission

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7
Q

True or False

HAs role is cell attachment and entry is poorly understood

A

False; it is well understood

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8
Q

What triggers the conformation change after virus and host cell membrane attachment

A

pH change of the endosome

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9
Q

The conformation change of the membranes triggered by the pH change causes what

A

membrane fusion; this is a model for all enveloped viruses

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10
Q

Where does transcription of influenza take place

A

in the nucleus; exception to the rule (it has -ssRNA)

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11
Q

The protected genome (RNP core) escapes the nucleus and buds from the cell via the use of this protein

A

NA

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12
Q

How is influenza transmitted

A

aerosol, large and small droplets

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13
Q

When is the infectivity the greatest for influenza particles

A

When they are the smallest, they can penetrate the deep lung

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14
Q

What is the incubation period of influenza

A

1-4 days

contagious days before symptom onset to 5 days letters; children infectious for longer

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of the seasonal flu

A

fever, malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat

lasts 3 to 7 days after symptoms develop

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16
Q

What are the current circulating strains of influenza and its contagiousness

A

H3N2, H1N1

reproductive numer = 1:2

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17
Q

What are some complications of influenza

A

viral pneumonia
bacterial pneumonia
reye synrome (type B + aspirin)
otitis media

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18
Q

What type of vaccine is the influenza vaccine

A

attenuated live; donor virus with wild type HA/NA epitopes

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19
Q

Why is a new influenza vaccine required each year

A

antigenic shift, the vaccine usually contains H3N2, H1N1, and type B

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20
Q

What is used to prevent/control influenza

A

antiviral treatment
tamiflu
supportive care

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21
Q

What are the 4 major pandemics of influenza

A

1918 Spanish Flu (H1N1)
1957 Asian Flu (H2N2)
1968 Hong Kong Flu (H3N2)
2009-2010 H1N1

22
Q

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) contains what strains (and low pathogenic)

A

H5 or H7; has multi-basic residues at HA cleavage sites allowing replication throughout the body (of birds)

23
Q

What are the symptoms of HPAI

A

skin lesions, necrotic and swollen combs, systemic infection (of birds)

24
Q

True or False

H5 and H7 strains can mutate to HPAI strains

A

True

25
Q

What is so controversial about the Dutch study involving H5N1

A

They used ferrets to model how H5N1 could infect humans which has a high mortality rate

26
Q

What is used to characterize the adenovirus

A

serotype; different serotypes are associated with different diseases

27
Q

What are the two most studied adenovirus serotypes

A

2 and 5

28
Q

What is the genome of adenovirus

A

dsDNA

29
Q

What is the virion of adenovirus

A

non-enveloped

30
Q

How does adenovirus enter the cell

A

entry is triggered by coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR)

pH triggers capsid disassembly

31
Q

What is the method of gene expression of adenovirus

A

intermediate - early
early
late

32
Q

What takes place during the intermediate-early phase of gene expression in adenovirus

A

E1A portion of genome

2 transcriptional regulators (cell and virus)

33
Q

What takes place during the early phase of gene expression in adenovirus

A

5 genome sections

DNA replication and post transcriptional events

34
Q

What takes place during late phase of gene expression in adenovirus

A

take over of cellular mRNA synthesis

35
Q

What takes place during genome replication of adenovirus

A

it can be initiated at either end of the genome
5’-3’
displaced strand circularizes allowing template to be made
primed by the protein pTP

36
Q

What is involved with cell cycle regulation of adenovirus

A

DNA replication occurs during S phase

not all cells are actively replicating

37
Q

What does the E1A portion of adenovirus do to gene expression

A

it inactivates pRb leading to S phase

38
Q

What does the E1B portion of adenovirus do to gene expression

A

it inactivates p53 leading to S phase and preventing apoptosis

39
Q

The E3 gene of adenovirus produces what

A

proteins important to host immune evasion; blocks MHC-1 expression

40
Q

E3 gene blocks what cytokines

A

TNF induced apoptosis

IFN-α and IFN-β keeping protein translation alive

41
Q

With adenovirus, what disease is common

A

respiratory infections; 5-10% of all viral infections

42
Q

What are the symptoms of adenovirus infections

A

common cold symptoms

nasal congestion, inflammation, cough

43
Q

adenovirus also causes this disease which causes severe pneumonia in military troops (vaccine available for them)

A

actue respiratory disease

44
Q

What makes adenovirus important involving research

A

it is frequently used as a vector

45
Q

This is a frequent cause of mild upper respiratory infections

A

rhinovirus

46
Q

Why is it impractical to develop a vaccine against rhinovirus

A

it has a large antigenic diversity; humans are the only reservoir

47
Q

What does rhinovirus use to attach to host cells

A

attached to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or the very low density lipoprotein receptor and extrudes its genome into the cell

48
Q

What is the incubation/duration of rhinovirus

A

incubation is 1-4 days

duration 2-3 days with virus shedding sometimes up to 3 weeks

49
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinovirus diseases

A

red nose, nasal discharge, epithelial damage due to immune response

50
Q

What are the prevention strategies against rhinovirus

A

no vaccine

no antivirals; resistant mutants

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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