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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Neisseria > Flashcards

Final; Neisseria Flashcards

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1
Q

Neisseria are the only genus of what that frequently causes disease; and what diseases are an example

A

gram negative cocci
N. gonorrhoaea
N. menigitidis

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2
Q

What type of motility, oxygen level, and location of pathogenesis goes Neisseria prefer

A

non-motile
aerobes (but can grow aerobically)
obligate human pathogens

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3
Q

What techniques are used to diagnose neisseria infections

A

chocolate agar in presence of CO2
modified thayer-martin agar
catalase and oxidase reaction
sugar fermentations

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4
Q

How does meningococci encounter and enter the human host

A

human nasopharynx
invades mucous membranes
invasion of bloodstream only found in patients lacking complement components C5-C8

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5
Q

This is used to attach meningococci to the meninges of the CNS and this is used ti damage host tissues

A

Type IV pili

lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

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6
Q

How does gonococci encounter and enter the human host

A

asymptomatic carriers greater among women

upon introduction, attach to columnar epithelial of cervix or urethra

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7
Q

What are the adhesions of gonococci controlled by

A

phase variation - presence/absence

antigenic variation - composition

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8
Q

What is phase variation of gonorrhoaea

A

turing on or off the Opa gene which when on results in neutrophil uptake

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9
Q

What is antigenic variation of gonorrhoaea

A

changes in composition or structure of surface molecules (pili; host cell attachment)

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10
Q

*How does gonococci multiply rapidly

A

shed in genital secretions
do not have flagella/not motile
can enter epithelial cells

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11
Q

*Extracellular proteases cleave what produced by humans

A

it cleaves IgA1 removing the Fc receptor and enable stye escape from phagocyotsis

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12
Q

How does gonococci spread and mulitply

A

attachment to non-ciliated
ciliated cell motility slows and ceases
death of ciliated cells

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13
Q

This is when non-ciliated microvili engulf bacteria; internalized by “parasite directed endocytosis”

A

internalization

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14
Q

This is when gonococci multiply within vacuoles and then fuse with the basement membrane

A

intracellular replication

intracellular traffic

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15
Q

How does gonococci induce damage

A

does not secrete exotoxins

LPS and LOS and other cell wall components cause cell damage

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16
Q

How does neisseria survive in the host

A

evasion; LOS is similar to human erythrocyte antigens

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of a gonococci infection

A

localized inflammation

rarely lethal

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of a meningococci infection

A

uncomplicated bacteremic process
metastatic infection of the meninges
overwhelming systemic infecction

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19
Q

What is the difference in virulence factors between gonococci and meningococci

A

meningococci is heavily encapsulated and produces hemolysin

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20
Q

A gonococcal infection of the female upper reproductive tract causes what

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

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21
Q

A gonococcal infection of upper reproductive tract in men causes what

A

epididymitis

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22
Q

Disseminated gonococcal infections can result from PID due to endotoxin and cause what symptoms

A

pustular lesions of skin
inflamed joints/tendons
suppurative arthritis

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23
Q

Purpura Fulminans (meningococcus) is disseminated intravascular coagulation due to ability to survive in the blood stream and can cause what symptoms

A 
skin manifestations
meningitis
shock
death
the higher the cytokine response to LOS the greater the risk for damage/death
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24
Q

How are neisseria infections treated

A

most are penicillin resistant (and tetracycline)
resistance to other antibiotics are increasing
antimicrobial chemoprophlaxis is primary prevention

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25
Q

*What behavioral methods can be used to prevent neisseria infections

A

condom use, etc.
partner notification
early diagnosis and treatment

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26
Q

*Why are vaccines to gonococci difficult to produce

A

antigenic and phase variation

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27
Q

*What is the vaccine to meningococci

A

quadrivalent; derived against capsular polysaccharide

tetravalent; polysaccharide protein conjugate (children <2 do not respond)

28
Q

Where does haemophilus (small gram negative cocci) colonize

A

upper respiratory tract or almost everyone

29
Q

*What does H. influenzae require for growth

A

hemin (X factor)
NAD+ (V factor)
access to those factors require lysed blood rather than whole blood

30
Q

*Species of haemophilus require what to grow compared with H. influenzae

A

require only NAD+

can grow in whole blood

31
Q

*What are the tapeable H. influenzae strains

A

seven antigenically distinct capsular polysaccharides (a, b, c, d, e, e’, f)

32
Q

*What is unique about the non-typable H. influenzae strain

A

it is unencapsulated

33
Q

Which staring of H. influenzae is most virulent and what does it cause

A 
type B (HIB)
bacteremia and meningitis in children younger than 2
34
Q

What does non-typable strains of H. influenzae cause

A

frequent causes of respiratory tract diseases in infants, children, and adults

35
Q

*What virulence factor of haemophilus makes it resistant to phagocytosis (as long as antibody is not present) and is a basis for the vaccine

A

polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule

36
Q

*This virulence factor of haemophilus causes pathogen directed endocytosis

A

endotoxin

37
Q

*These virulence factors of haemophilus are similar to that of neissseria (gonococcal)

A

IgA1 protease

Pili and OM proteains

38
Q

What host defenses are used against haemophilus

A

antibodies to capsule

immunization in infants; PRP conjugated diphtheria toxoid

39
Q

What is the treatment for haemophilus

A

resistant to penicillins
chloramphenicol = drug of choice
third-generation cephalosporins
corticosteriods reduce complications

40
Q

Where is pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative bacillus) found, what is its motility, and its oxygen level

A

ubiquitous, found in soil and water
motile, polar flagella and pili
aerobic; some strains are anaerobic

41
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies

A

produce water-soluble pigments that function as antibacterials
fruity or grape-like odor

42
Q

What growth requirements are there for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

grow rapidly, very robust
minimal nutritional requirement
can survive in hand creams, soaps, and dilute antiseptics

43
Q

What are the two main types of virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

persistance and dissemination

44
Q

What type of nutritional aid virulence factors are there for pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

siderophores (iron binding)

phospholipase C

45
Q

Where wound someone encounter pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

soil and water;
adheres to veggies and plant matter
in water taps, drains, and wet surfaces
hot tubs

46
Q

How does pseudomonas aeruginosa enter the body

A

opportunistic infection

does not adhere well to healthy epithelium

47
Q

*After pseudomonas enters the body, the ability to spread and multiply depends on what two things

A

avoiding phagocytosis

successful adherence to a surface

48
Q

*Adherence of pseudomonas is mediated by what

A

flagella and pili

interactions with glycolipid (cleaves sialic acid to create asialo GM1; receptor for type 4 pili) on host cells and TLR5

49
Q

What is used to facilitate the spread and multiplication of pseudomonas

A

polysaccharide capsule

cytolytic exotoxins

50
Q

What does pseudomonas use to damage cells

A

LPS
exotoxins
multifunctional enzymes; elastase and lasA
type III secretion system delivering virulence factors directly into host cell

51
Q

With pseudomonas, a predisposing factor leads to what

A

the type of infection; for example,

a local breach in the immune system due to kidney stones will result in an UTI

52
Q

*This may cause decreased sialylation of surface glycolipids of which leads to P. aeruginosa binding

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

53
Q

*Cystic fibrosis and P. aeruginosa also causes dehydration of what, which leads to what

A

dehydration of respiratory secretions

thick mucus produced which impairs mucociliary system

54
Q

*This shields P. aeruginosa from immune system, however these strains produce less protease and toxins

A

mucoid exopolyssaccharide (alginate)

55
Q

What mediates pseudomonas and sepsis

A

LPS

56
Q

What are the three requirements for sepsis

A

large population of infecting/colonizing organisms
presence of bacterial products that stimulate release of host cytokines
widespread dissemination of microbial products to roses reticuloendothelial system

57
Q

Mortality due to pseudomonas depends on

A

nature and severity of infection
host defense state
promptness and efficacy of treatment
typically for patients with severe infections, it hover ~50%

58
Q

*True or False

pseudomonas is easily cultured and identified

A

True

59
Q

*Antibiotic treatment of pseudomonas depends on what

A

geographic locale;

in some hospitals certain antibiotic-resistant strains predominate

60
Q

*Resistance of pseudomonas is due to what

A

limited permeability of outer membrane, efflux pumps, and antibiotic resistance genes

61
Q

*What does pseudomonas frequently require to treat it

A

antibiotic syngerism

62
Q

Listeria is a gram positive rod found where with two types of mobility

A

intestinal tract of vertebrates, sewage, soil, and water

food-borne pathogen

63
Q

Listeriosis can cause what

A

infections of fetus
can result in systemic infections such as bacteremia and meningitis
5-10% of adults are asymptomatic carriers

64
Q

What are the virulence factors of Listeria

A

internalins; mediate adherence and invasion
listerolysin O; escape from vacuoles
phospholipases; escape from vacuoles

65
Q

What is used to prevent and treat Listeria

A

control of growth in food supply

antibiotics are effective if diagnosed in time

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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