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SP14 Microbiology > Final; Parasites > Flashcards

Final; Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Parasitic diseases are among the most prevalent diseases where

A

in developing countries

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2
Q

Parasitic infection is distinct from what

A

parasitic disease

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3
Q

What is parasitic disease a consequence of

A

porlonged, repeated, or high burden infection; usually subacute or chronic, rarely fatal (although there are exceptions)

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4
Q

Many parasitic infections are what

A

zoonosis; agents that infect animals

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5
Q

Many human parasites require what to complete their life cycles

A

human and nonhuman hosts; humans are dead-end hosts

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6
Q

What are the two types of parasites

A

protozoa (single cell)

helminths (multi-cell)

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7
Q

Disease is a consequence if parasite what is too high

A

replication; only a small amount is required to initiate infection

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8
Q

These are motile via flagella, parasitic form don’t have mito or golgi, most form cysts and are free living and solitary

A

mastiogophora

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9
Q

This caused an infection in Milwaukee via the drinking water

A

crytosporidum

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10
Q

These are mostly not motile, produce sporozoites which are important in transmission of infections, the entire group is parasitic

A

apicomplexa

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11
Q

These are multicellular animals including roundworms, and flatworms, and are extracelluar protected by a cuticle

A

helminths (worms)

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12
Q

In this type of host, the developmental stages take place out side of the host and in the host, the organism reaches maturity

A

definitive host

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13
Q

This type of host is required for replication

A

intermediate host

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14
Q

This is a non-infected asymptomatic carrier, not partaking in transmission

A

reservoir

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15
Q

Most helminths cause what in humans

A

chronic infections that are tolerated by the human host

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16
Q

This is NOT a consequence of parasitic replication

A

disease

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17
Q

This is due to the number of parasites that the host initially acquired from the environment

A

parasitic burden

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18
Q

How are parasitic infection resolved

A

not by most response, they spontaneously resolve when adult worm reaches senescence

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19
Q

What are the major groups of parasitic helminths

A

flatworms

roundworms (nematodes)

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20
Q

What are the subdivisions of flatworms

A

cestodes

trematodes

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21
Q

What are the majority of parasitic vectors

A

arthropods; involved in key parasitic life stages

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22
Q

Parasitic prevalence is dependent on what

A

local conditions favoring vector breeding

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23
Q

What can be examples of reservoirs

A

humans
animals
environment (soil contaminated with parasitized feces)

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24
Q

*How can the parasite gain entry

A

oral ingestion
penetration of the skin (unbroken)
arthropod0borne

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25
Q

*This type of parasitic entry involves ascariasis and amebiasis

A

oral ingestion

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26
Q

*This type of parasitic entry involves hookworms and schistosomes

A

penetration of the skin (unbroken)

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27
Q

*This type of parasitic entry involves bite wounds (malaria) and blood transfusions possibly

A

arthropod-borne

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28
Q

What is key to parasitic transmission

A

its dependent on parasitic life cycle and presence or absence of intermediate hosts; schistosomiasis required snails, they are not present in the US or Europe, therefore no schisto there

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29
Q

Disease manifestation of parasites is dependent on what

A

the size of the inoculum (and it varies for different parasites)
amoebiasis; large inoculum
crypto; few cysts

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30
Q

How are blood flukes able to evade the human antibody and cell mediated immune response

A

host plasma protein coasints

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31
Q

How are trypanosomes able to evade the human antibody and cell mediated immune response

A

surface antigen variation

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32
Q

How are leishmania able to evade the human antibody and cell mediated immune response

A

superoxide dismutase secretion

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33
Q

The life cycle of some parasites is determined by what

A

the species and tissue tropism

duffy factor antigen required for malaria and many black africans don’t have it = resistance

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34
Q

These type of changes can induce stage-specific transitions

A

temperature; some parasites only like certain temperatures, dictating where they live

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35
Q

Clinical damage due to parasites may be due to what

A

tissue damage
effect of host response
- may occur years after initial infection

36
Q

This disease is caused by a trypanosomiasis and is transmitted via the kissing bug and found only in the americas

A

chagas disease

37
Q

What are the symptoms of chagas disease

A

skin lesion
swollen eyelid
chronic infections = irreversible damage to organs

38
Q

Eradication of chagas disease is only successful when one or more of these treatments are employed

A

chemoprophylaxis; preventative drugs
immunization
field control measures

39
Q

Why is it difficult to immunize against parasites

A

many parasites coat themselves in host antigens
some rearrange their surface antigens
different proteins are displayed at different life cycles

40
Q

This is the most important blood cell parasitic disease

A

malaria; most important of protozoan diseases

41
Q

How many of the 156 names plasmodium protozoa are known to infect humans

A

4

42
Q

Infection and subsequent development of malaria is driven by what in the US

A

travel

43
Q

What is the only reservoir for plasmodia that can infect humans

A

infected humans

44
Q

How do plasmodia infected humans transmit malaria

A

imported to new regions

induced via blood transfusions etc.

45
Q

How is plasmodium spread in humans

A

sporocytes enter via mosquito bite and travels to liver
leave liver as merozoites
multiply in live and RBCs

46
Q

How does malaria induce damage

A

paroxysm; simultaneous lysis of many RBCs and release of large number of merozoites

47
Q

What can genetically predispose someone to be resistant to malaria

A

duffy blood group
sickle cell anemia
heterozygous individuals are carries

48
Q

This drug targets the parasites food vacuole where hemoglobin is degraded, killing the parasite, but now, many parasites are resistant

A

chloroquine

49
Q

This destroys RBCs and is endemic in the US and is transmitted the same as lyme disease

A

babesia

50
Q

What is the life cycle of babesia

A 
merozoites injected under skin by tick
RBCs invaded
no liver intermediate stage
lyses RBCs
ticks feed on infected RBCs to keep cycle
51
Q

This is a common infection in humans, but disease is rare and it survives in macrophages

A

toxoplamsa

52
Q

How is toxoplasmosis transmitted

A

consumption of inadequate cooked meat or food contaminated with cat feces
cyst penetrates the intestinal all and enters the blood stream

53
Q

What does toxoplasma affect

A

can cause miscarriage
affects the amygdala in rats
may be linked to schizophrenia in humans
humans are 3 times more likely to die in a car crash

54
Q

These are small protozoans transmitted by sandflies (middle east) which are rare in NA and Europe and has reservoirs in rodents, dogs, other animals, and humans

A

leishmania

55
Q

What is the life cycle of leishmania

A

promastigote (flagellated) binds to macrophage and converts to amastigote (no flagella)

56
Q

This causes african sleeping sickness and is transmitted via the tsetse flie

A

trypanosoma brucei

57
Q

What are the reservoirs for african sleeping sickness

A

east africa; wild game

west africa; humans and domestic animals

58
Q

What illness is caused by trypanosomes (african sleeping sickness)

A

systemic and chronic in blood stream

59
Q

How does trypanosomes escape host immune detection

A

changing the dominant surface antigen

can infect for months and years

60
Q

What is significant about the intestinal and vaginal protozoa

A

its varied based upon motility and replication

61
Q

This has worldwide zoonosis with highly resistant cysts and is transmitted via ingestion of water contaminated by feces from animal carriers

A

giardia lamblia

62
Q

What are the symptoms of giardia lamblia

A

intestional protozoan
mild, persistant diarrhea
do not invade; inflammation

63
Q

This is a common vaginal flagellate, can cause vaginitis, can be transmitted via sex

A

trichomonas vaginalis

64
Q

This is an amoebiasis, causes destruction of host tissue (colon), transmitted via fecal-oral, and may humans carry non-pathogenic amoebas

A

entamoeba histolytica

65
Q

Hows does entamoeba histolytic invade and cause damage

A

adheres to cell receptors containing digalactose residues and kills on contact via pore forming proteins

66
Q

What is required to eradicate entamoeba histolytica

A

cell mediated immunity; circulating antibodies not important

67
Q

This is spread via zoonosis often in rural areas but also person to person via crowded urban environments

A

cryptosporidium

68
Q

How is cryptosporidium spread

A

infectious oocytes produced in intestine and spread to other animals
does not invade intestinal epithelial or disseminate

69
Q

This the most frequent intestinal helminth infection (south US)

A

ascaris

70
Q

These intestinal helminths are common in temperate and tropical areas and prevalent in small children and institutions

A

pinworms

71
Q

These eggs do not require maturation outside the body and are transmitted via fecal-oral, hatch in SI cause peri-anal itching

A

enterobius

72
Q

What is the life cycle of a pinworm

A 
person swallows egg
eggs hatch in intestine
larve mature to adult in a month
mating
females deposit eggs in anus
anal scratching spreads eggs to others
73
Q

These penetrate the skin as filariform larvae via soil contemned with stool

A

hookworms

74
Q

What specific condition will lessen the chances of being infected via a hookworm

A

asthma

75
Q

hookworms are able to reduce what

A

allergic reactions

76
Q

How is the life cycle of the hookworm maintained

A

move from skin to heart then to lung then are either coughed or swallowed; can cause chronic anemia

77
Q

These intestinal helminths perforate the intestinal wall producing septicemia and can reinfect the same host; especially in the immunocompromised

A

strongyloides stercoralis

78
Q

These are long ribbon-like worms that can penetrate deep tissue and from infective cystic larvae and is acquired by eating raw or undercooked meat or fish

A

tapeworms

79
Q

Who is the tapeworm life cycle

A

depended on humans and cattle, infection from eating feces or beef with larvae; all human create with consumption of undercooked/raw meat

80
Q

Deep tissue infections of tapeworms produce what

A

severe diseases
cysticercosis
echinococcosis

81
Q

With tissue and blood helminths what are the infections like

A

asymptomatic
encysted larva in striated/cardiac muscle
cysts calcify but worms viable for 30 years

82
Q

How are tissue and blood helminths acquired

A 
skin acquired
each species (of schisto) has unique geographic distribution via snail intermediate host
83
Q

How is schisto spread in the body

A

cercariae released from snails
burrow in skin of people with infected water
travel to blood and via portal venous system to mature
move in male/female pairs to the small/large intestine to reproduce

84
Q

What does schisto eggs induce

A

formation of granulomas that undergo fibrosis that can produce disease symptoms years later

85
Q

This is “river blindness” via black flies, elephantiasis via mosquitoes, and is not within the US due to geographic factors

A

filariasis

86
Q

Where do filariasis larvae live

A

in subcutaneous tissues

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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