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SP14 Microbiology > EX2 Leys > Flashcards

EX2 Leys Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is a mixture of microbes and a matrix made up of extracellular polymers

A

biofilm

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2
Q

What do you find in complex structures within a biofilm

A

bacteria

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3
Q

True or False

Most biofilms are mixtures of different species of bacteria

A

True

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4
Q

True or False

Biofilms can include other micro-organisms than bacteria

A

True

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5
Q

Biofilms have complex structures that do what

A

give accessibility to nutrients and removal of waste products

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6
Q

True or False

Bacteria in a biofilm are more resistant to antibiotics and host attacks

A

True

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7
Q

Most bacteria form biofilms in an environment where there is what

A

liquid flowing

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8
Q

Wild bacteria have extracellular polymers attached to their surface that allow what

A

binding to surfaces or other bacteria

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9
Q

Biofilms are associated with what dental diseases

A

periodontal disease

caries

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10
Q

Many bacterial diseases involve what type of species

A

polymicrobial

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11
Q

What is the type of communication between bacteria

A

quorum sensing

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12
Q

What are the two general mechanisms for quorum sensing

A

recognizes similar bacteria (same species)

recognizes all bacteria

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13
Q

True or False

Essentially all bacteria have mechanisms for quorum sensing

A

True

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14
Q

When do quorum sensing mechanism produce a response

A

when a certain threshold concentration of secreted molecules is reached

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15
Q

This is an essential process in biofilm formation

A

quorum sensing

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16
Q

This type of bacteria must have oxygen to grow

A

strict aerobes

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17
Q

This type of bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

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18
Q

This type of bacteria can grow with or without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

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19
Q

DNA that enters a bacterial cell can undergo what three things

A

be degraded
integrated into the host chromosome
integrated into plasmid

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20
Q

These are used by bacteria to degrade foreign DNA

A

restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes)

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21
Q

This is the uptake of naked DNA by “competent cells”

A

transformation

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22
Q

This is the transfer of DNA between bacteria through a virus

A

transduction

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23
Q

This is the transfer of DNA through cell to cell contact using a sex pilus

A

Conjugation

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24
Q

Mutations in DNA can cause this

A

antibiotic resistance

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25
Q

This type of mutation is less likely to cause antibiotic resistance

A

deletion

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26
Q

Bacteria remove oxygen radicals from cells how?

A

by converting them to hydrogen peroxide with superoxide dismutase

27
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is converted to what

A

converted to water and oxygen with a catalyst

28
Q

Bacteria that do not have superoxide dismutase and catalase are what

A

anaerobic

they do not tolerate oxygen

29
Q

These are the most numerous members of the normal flora of the human colon

A

bacteroides

30
Q

This disease is a result of spillage of intestinal material into the peritoneal cavity

A

biphasic disease

acute inflammation followed by localized abscesses

31
Q

This is the most common isolate from intra-abdominal abscesses

A

bacteriodes fragilis

32
Q

This on the surface of B. fragilis is not toxic, unlike other gram negative bacteria

A

LPS

33
Q

Of the hundreds of different species of bacteria that may spill into the peritoneal cavity, this will help the bacteria evade phagocytosis of the host

A

a polysaccharide capsule

34
Q

Intra-abdominal abscesses caused by B. fragilis or other bacteria can lead to this

A

bacteremia

septic shock

35
Q

This is the presence of bacteria in the blood, with out without the presence of an illness

A

bacteremia

36
Q

This is a severe systemic illness marked by hemodynamic derangement and organ malfunction

A

sepsis

37
Q

The treatment of sepsis with antibiotics is important but can be difficult because of this

A

the dead bacteria can release toxins that initially cause more damage

38
Q

These are widespread in nature, but few cause disease

A

spirochetes

39
Q

The corkscrew-like movement of spirochetes is facilitated by what

A

a periplasmic flagella

40
Q

This is the causative agent of syphilis, and is difficult to study because it cannot be grown in the lab

A

treponema pallidum

41
Q

When T. palladium enters the body, it becomes systemic almost immediately, how?

A

by traveling via the lymphatic system to system circulation

42
Q

The primary chancre (painless ulcer) formed by T. palladium heals (spontaneously/with treatment), and the infection (is/is not) systemic

A

spontaneously

is

43
Q

What percentage of patients who do not receive treatment for primary syphilis enter the secondary stage of syphilis

A

50%

44
Q

True or False

The rash produced by secondary syphilis is often mistaken for other problems

A

True

45
Q

Tertiary syphilis, if left untreated, can progress where and cause what

A

to the CNS

causing ataxic gait, paresis, blindness, dementia, and death

46
Q

True or False

Syphilis is one of the hardest STDs to control

A

False; it is one of the easiest to control; there are good diagnostic tests and treatment is available and inexpensive

47
Q

This is the causative agent of Lyme’s disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

48
Q

Lyme’s disease progresses in stages to from what to what

A

from an acute and local skin infection to a chronic disease of the CNS and joints

49
Q

B. burgdorferi is transmitted by what

A

ticks

50
Q

There are how many different bacterial species found in the oral cavity, from many different phyla

A

500-1000

51
Q

True or False

You can find all the different types of bacteria everywhere in the mouth

A

False; different bacteria occupy different environmental niches

52
Q

Subgingival bacteria are generally what

Supragingival bacteria are generally what

A 
subgingival = proteolitic
supragingival = saccrolitic
53
Q

These factors promote colonization in the oral cavity

A

adherence properties
synergistic bacteria
nutritional substrates
temperature/moisture content

54
Q

These factors inhibit colonization in the oral cavity

A

antimicrobial properties of saliva
mechanical shearing
temperature/moisture content

55
Q

True or False

There are many bacteria associated with periodontitis, while there are fewer species associated with periodontal heath

A

True

56
Q

Shifts in microbial composition occur in periodontitis, however no bacterium is what

A

found on all patients with periodontitis and never found in healthy subjects

57
Q

The tissue destruction that occurs during periodontitis is a result of what

A

host response

58
Q

There is a small shift of what bacteria during periodontitis

A

from gram positive to gram negative

59
Q

The complexity of the microbial community (increases or decreases) during periodontal disease

A

increases

60
Q

There is a slight shift to more what bacteria in periodontal disease

A

uncultivated

61
Q

True or False

Microbial diversity declines in caries

A

True

62
Q

True or False

There is progression of dominant species as caries progresses

A

True

63
Q

Each location in the oral cavity has its own associated microbial composition, and there (is/is not) any overlap of species

A

is overlap of species

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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