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SP14 Microbiology > EX2 Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Surface Structures - Bailey > Flashcards

EX2 Bacterial Infection and Bacterial Surface Structures - Bailey Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

These must have oxygen to grow

A

strict aerobes

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2
Q

These cannot tolerate oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

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3
Q

The can grow with or without oxygen (most medically important)

A

facultative anaerobes

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4
Q

These can grow with limited nutrients

A

oligotrophs

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5
Q

These require some oxygen, but lower levels of oxygen

A

microaerophiles

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6
Q

These grow will in mild temps (15-45°C)

A

mesophiles

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7
Q

What structure does the gram stain adhere to

A

murein = peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Which gram bacteria has a thick Murein layer and stains a dark purple/blue

A

gram +

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9
Q

What is the structure of Murein

A

N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine chains cross linked via peptide bonds

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10
Q

What will recognize peptidoglycan

A

PRRs

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11
Q

What is the biosynthesis of Murein

A

NAG and NAM synthesied in the cytoplasm, then link into a chain and then shuttled to the periplasm, then it is cross-linked via a peptide bond

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12
Q

This is found only on gram positive bacteria, extending the the murein, and interacts with the cell membrane

A

teichoic acid

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13
Q

These are fatty acids attached to a phosphorylated disaccharide, a component of LPS

A

lipid A

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14
Q

LPS has this type of core, of which its sugars are unique to bacteria

A

polysaccharide

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15
Q

This is the highly variable repeating sugar subunit of LPS

A

O-antigen

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16
Q

O-antigen is the main reason for what

A

the different antigenic specificites amount gram(-) bacteria

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17
Q

LPS induces what, and is known as what

A

TNF-α and can lead to septic shock

ENDOTOXIN

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18
Q

TLR-4 recognizes what

A

LPS

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19
Q

TLR-2 recognizes what

A

peptidoglycan

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20
Q

TLR-2 and TLR-6 together recognize what

A

teichoic acids

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21
Q

This is involved in the attachment of bacteria to cells and other surfaces; can also be used for gene transfer (antibiotic resistance)

A

pili (fimbriae)

[sex pili]

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22
Q

These are specialized proteins that are located on the tip of fimbriae

A

adhesions; specifically developed for adhesion

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23
Q

This is the term for when multiple flagella are located at one end of the bacterium

A

lophotrichous

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24
Q

This is the term for when multiple flagella are located all over the bacterium

A

peritrichous

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25
Q

What are the three components of a flagella and what is the portion you can see

A

filament (can see this)
hook
rod

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26
Q

True or False

Flagella move the bacterium in a corkscrew like pattern

A

True

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27
Q

The bacterium moves through a period of what, with CCW or CW being the main movement direction

A

runs and tumbles

CCW

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28
Q

When movement is directed it is referred to as this

A

taxis

29
Q

Taxis can be directed in which way

A

toward something good or away from something bad

30
Q

This is a substance that surrounds a cell

A

glycocalyx

31
Q

A glycocalyx that is well organized, firmly attached is called a what? it is usually made of polysaccharides, but can include monosaccharides and glycoproteins

A

capsule

32
Q

A glycocalyx that is not well organized or firmly attached is called a what

A

slime layer

33
Q

What role does a capsule play when it comes to an immune response

A

a capsule makes it harder for a macrophage to phagocytose

for some bacteria, it is a virulence factor

34
Q

True or False

The immune system can recognize a bacterium that has a capsule

A

True; TLR-5

35
Q

TLR-5 recognizes what

A

flagella (and capsules)

36
Q

What happens when the immune system recognizes a microbe

A

the release of cytokines

37
Q

O antigen always refers to what

A

LPS; gram (-)

38
Q

What does O, H, and K antigens refer to

A

LPS
flagella
capsules

39
Q

Bacterial pathogens can be classified into 2 broad classes

A

opportunistic and primary

40
Q

True or False

Opportunistic bacteria rarely cause disease in individuals with intact immunological and anatomical defenses

A

True

41
Q

These pathogens only cause disease if something goes wrong with the host

A

opportunistic

42
Q

These pathogens are capable of establishing infection and causing disease in individuals with intact immune defenses

A

primary

43
Q

Primary pathogens contain these

A

virulence determinants that allow them to adhere, colonize, invade, and induce damage

44
Q

What must a pathogen do before it can colonize, invade, or otherwise affect the host tissue

A

adhere

45
Q

What are the two types of adherence

A

non-specific

specific

46
Q

This type of adherence is reversible and there are multiple ways to dock

A

non-specific

47
Q

This type of adherence is irreversible and is anchoring

A

specific

48
Q

Specific adhesion involves which substances and found where

A

adhesions

tips of fimbriae

49
Q

In S. mutans, what is so special about the formation of a pellicle

A

the adhesion of glucose transferase which binds to a salivary protein that is involved in the formation

50
Q

This is a complex multifunctional glycoprotein commonly found in plasma and associated with mucosal surfaces; an adhesion

A

fibronectin

51
Q

S. pyogenes binds to fibronectin through the use of what

A

lipotechoic acids

52
Q

What is a limiting factor in colonization

A

nutrient ability

53
Q

What are the three methods of how bacteria take-up nutrients

A

carrier-mediated diffusion
phosphyorlation-linked transport
active transport

54
Q

This type of nutrient take up involves a carrier protein that follows a concentration gradient

A

carrier-mediated diffusion

55
Q

This type of nutrient take up involves a carrier protein as an enzyme that changes the nutrient (i.e. glucose to G6P)

A

phosphorylation-liked transport

56
Q

This type of nutrient take up involves the use of ATP to create H+ concentration gradient which brings in H+ and lactose (for example)

A

active transport

57
Q

This is often needed for pathogenesis, but it alone is not sufficient enough for pathogenesis; additional virulence determinants are needed

A

colonization

58
Q

What are three examples of how additional virulence determinants are needed with colonization

A

induce changes in the host cell
incude damage upon invasion
produce toxin after colonization

59
Q

How does E.coli induce tissue pathology upon colonization

A

colonization leads to actin polymerization
actin polymerization causes structural rearrangement of host cell
structural changes to host cell leads to loss of function

60
Q

These are the most prominent mechanisms used to invade host tissue

A

hyaluronidase and collangenase

61
Q

hylauronidase will degrade what

A

hyluronic acid; a common component of the ECM

62
Q

collagenase will degrade what

A

collagen; an important component of connective tissue

63
Q

True or False

Endotoxin is secreted

A

False; it is not secreted, it is on the surface of the bacterium; LPS
exotoxin is secreted

64
Q

What does type 1 exotoxin target

A

membrane acting; stimulates transmembrane signals

65
Q

what does type 2 exotoxin target

A

membrane damaging; creates pores

66
Q

what does type 3 exotoxin target

A

intracellular effecters; gets into host cell and induces enzymatic activity

67
Q

Pathogenesis (or damage to the host) is often regulated by what

A

microbial factors

68
Q

The infectious organism uses with lytic viral infections, invasions damage host tissue, and toxin producing microbes, and what does the host response result in

A

phagocytes

cytotoxic T cells

SP14 Microbiology (31 decks)

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