Exam 2 – Lecture 17: Respiratory System 2 Flashcards
What makes up the lung and lower airways?
Trachea Bronchus Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolus
What are the different bronchi?
Primary or mainstem
Right and left
What do bronchi immediately start branching into?
Secondary and tertiary branches that get smaller and smaller
What happens to epithelium as you go deeper into the lung?
It gets shorter
What makes up secondary and tertiary bronchi?
Mucosa Muscularis Submucosa Cartilage rings Adventitia
What is found throughout the bronchi?
Muscularis
What disappears as you move lower in the submucosa?
Glands
What happens to cartilage rings by the time you get to the bronchi?
They are complete
What are bronchioles?
Next branch after 3º bronchi
How are bronchioles generally measured?
mm in diameter
Do bronchioles have cartilage or glands?
No
What happens to bronchioles?
Continue branching
Epithelium gets shorter and they lose cilia
What is happening with respiratory epithelium at the point of bronchioles?
It is no longer making mucus and is not held open by cartilage
Why does cilia go away in bronchioles?
Mucus is not being made
How must stuff in the bronchioles come out?
Through lymphatics or a deep cough
What do bronchioles give way to?
Respiratory bronchioles
What surrounds the alveolus?
Capillary beds
What is in terminal bronchioles?
Clara cells
What are clara cells like?
Non-cilia
Dome
Lipoprotein
Where are alveoli?
After alveolar ducts and sacs
What do alveoli look like?
Cluster of grapes
What are alveoli the site of?
Gaseous exchange
What is the surface area of alveoli?
Massive
What do alveolar ducts give way to?
Alveoli
What are the cells in an alveolus?
Type 1 pneumocyte
Type 2 pneumocyte
Brush cell
Macrophage
What does a type 1 pneumocyte consist of?
Squamous epithelium
What is a type 2 pneumocyte?
Stem cell of the lung
What happens when a type 1 pneumocyte is damaged?
Type 2 reproduces and replaces type 1 cells
What do brush cells do?
Monitor air quality and can open or reduce alveolar space
What do macrophages do with alveoli?
Help to rid the lungs of anything that penetrates anything deep into the lungs
What do endothelial cells share a basement membrane with?
Type 1 pneumocyte
What does surfactant do?
Helps keep the alveoli open
What species does not have alveolar pores?
Cattle
Because cattle do no have alveolar pores, what does this make them susceptible to?
Emphysema
What is emphysema?
Gas outside of the airways, but within the lungs
What are alveolar pores?
Spaces between the alveoli
What do alveolar pores do?
Connect alveoli together so that trapped air can get out via another alveolus
What is intersitium?
Stuff between the main organs and surrounding connective tissues
Space between the alveoli
What happens with type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia?
It causes you to lose surface area in the lungs and makes it harder for oxygen to be removed
