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Human Structure and Function I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapter 9 Part 1

1
Q

major functions of muscles

A
  1. body movement
  2. posture
  3. respiration
  4. body heat production
  5. communication
  6. constriction of blood vessels and organs
  7. heart contraction
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2
Q

characteristics of muscles

A

excitable
contractable
extensible
elasticity

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3
Q

excitable =

A

responds to stimuli

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4
Q

contractable=

A

shortens with height, muscles pull, not push

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5
Q

extensible=

A

stretch, beyond original resting length

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6
Q

elasticity=

A

recoil

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7
Q

3 muscle types

A

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

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8
Q

each myoblast has its own

A

nucleus

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9
Q

long, cylindrical cells formed by fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells =

A

myoblasts in myogenesis

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10
Q

Stem cells in Skeletal muscle, Usually Quiescent, Activate by Muscle damage
Stimulated to divide and fuse with existing muscle fibers

A

satellite cells

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11
Q

hypertrophy=

A

enlarge

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12
Q

what do skeletal muscles not do

A

undergo mitosis

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13
Q

what control localized region

A

nuclear domains

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14
Q

muscular compositon consists of

A

75% water
20% protein (actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin)
5% organic and inorganic compounds

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15
Q

muscular hierachy is

A

muscle fibers= muscle cell= myocyte

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16
Q

parallel and connect to one another by

A

endomysium

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17
Q

endomysium is what kind of CT

A

loose areolar

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18
Q

wrapped into unit called

A

fascicle

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19
Q

fascicles are connected by

A

perimysium

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20
Q

perimysium is what CT

A

dense irregular CT

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21
Q

entire unit is wrapped in a CT overcoat called

A

epimysium

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22
Q

epimysium is what CT

A

dense irregular CT

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23
Q

joins with deep muscular fascia=

A

separate structures

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24
Q

muscle anchored to bone via tendon (strap) or

A

aponeurosis (sheet)

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25
Q

can direct or indirect muscle to bone withstand more friction

A

indirect

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26
Q

what surround each muscle fiber and fascicle

A

bv and nerves

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27
Q

each what has its own nerve ending that control activity

A

muscle fiber

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28
Q

Specialized nerve cells that stimulate skeletal muscle contraction

A

motor neurons

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29
Q

each muscle fiver surrounded by plasma membrane=

A

sarcolemma

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30
Q

cytoplasm with xs glycogen and myoglobin=

A

sarcoplasm

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31
Q

Each Muscle Fiber (Cell) consists of Bundled
Contractile Elements

A

myofibrils

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32
Q

each myofibril is surrounded by

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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33
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum is highly

A

modified er

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34
Q

highly modified er regulates

A

calcium

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35
Q

Each Myofibril consists of Bundles Contractile
Elements ….. in sarcomere units

A

myofilaments

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36
Q

smallest contractile unit

A

sarcomere

37
Q

sarcomere stretches from

A

z line to z line

38
Q

dark band =

A

a band

39
Q

light band=

A

I band

40
Q

2 contractile proteins=

A

myofilaments

41
Q

thick A vand connect at m line =

A

myosin

42
Q

thin I band connect at z line

A

actin

43
Q

globular=

A

polypeptide subunits

44
Q

atp binding site is

A

myosin atpase

45
Q

Rod Shape, Stiffens F actin. Spans 7 Actin, Blocks Myosin – Actin Interaction

A

tropomyosin

46
Q

3 Polypeptide subunits = 3 Binding Sites

A

troponin

47
Q

Tnl=

A

actin

48
Q

TnT=

A

tropomyosin

49
Q

TnC=

A

calcium

50
Q

what does troponin do

A

interact with calcium to regulate tropomyosin’s position of blocking of actin-myosin interaction

51
Q

when calcium moves tropomyosin away, actin and myosin=

A

cross bridge and power stroke begins

52
Q

holds thick filaments in place and are extensible. composed of protein= titan

A

elastic filament

53
Q

Helps Muscle cell spring back into shape after stretching

A

elastic filament

54
Q

Stiffens as Uncoils to Resist Excessive Stretch. Largest Protein in Humans.

A

elastic filament

55
Q

Links Thin Filaments to Integral Proteins on Sarcolemma

A

dystrophin

56
Q

Mechanical Support to keep Sarcolemma Intact, NO Calcium Leak

A

dystrophin

57
Q

defective gene (sex linked recessive)=

A

duchenne muscular dystrophy

58
Q

S&S of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Frequent Falls, NOT rise from Lying/Sitting, Waddling Gait, Walk on toes

59
Q

treatment for duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

to sustain mobility & Respiratory function. OT, PT.
Steroids
no cure

60
Q

when do people with duchenne muscular dystrophy usually die

A

in 30s, respiratory failure

61
Q

weakening if skeletal muscles and adipose is what

A

duchenne muscular dystrophy

62
Q

when are you Dx for duchenne muscular dystrophy, and due to what

A

at birth

due to elevated CK levels, genetic tests

63
Q

what does elevated CK levels indicate

A

damage to muscle fibers

64
Q

in duchenne muscular dystrophy what tears during contraction and excessive calcium enters and damages contractile fibers

A

sarcolemma

65
Q

does the muscle regenerate in duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

no

66
Q

muscle fiber’s PM
transmits electrical impulses to muscle interior

A

sarcolemma

67
Q

tubelike infold of sarcolemma.
carry electrical impulses into center or muscle fiber- every muscle fiber sarcomere contracts together

A

transverse tubules

68
Q

SER in skeletal muscle fibers that store calcium

A

sarcoplasmic retuculum

69
Q

temrinal cisternae- t tubule- terminal cisternae

A

triad

70
Q

nervous stimulation

A

quick response

71
Q

motor neuron does what

A

message to muscle; voltage regulated calcium channels open and influx

72
Q

where do muscular contractions meet

A

neuromuscular junction

73
Q

ACh released from vesicles at synapse

A

stimulation

74
Q

what diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors

A

ACh

75
Q

muscular contraction stimulates what release

A

Na

76
Q

Na release and depolarization past threshold generate

A

action potential

77
Q

action potential goes along sarcolemma and down what

A

t tubule

78
Q

calcium release from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

what binds troponin

A

calcium

80
Q

binding of calcium on troponin causes

A

conformational change

81
Q

after the conformational change

A

troponin attaches to tropomyosin

82
Q

after troponin attaches to tropomyosin what happens

A

tropomyosin moves no longer locking actin and myosin

83
Q

once tropomyosin moves

A

actin and myosin interact

84
Q

once actin and myosin interact

A

myosin pulls actin to center of sarcomere

85
Q

after myosin pulls actin to the center of the sarcomere

A

it shortens sarcomere length and muscle fiber length

86
Q

once sarcomere and muscle fiber length shorten what happens

A

Ca goes back to SR

87
Q

once Ca goes back to SR

A

troponin and tropomyosin go back to resting position

88
Q

power stroke steps

A
  1. myosin head cocks into position
  2. myosin binds to actin
  3. power stroke (push actin)
  4. detach from actin and new atp binds
  5. repeat

Need calcium and atp

Human Structure and Function I (24 decks)

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