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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a complex organ with 100 billion neurons and a trillion neuroglia

A

the brain

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2
Q

what integrated information from the rest of the body

A

the brain

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3
Q

4 brain divisions are

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum

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4
Q

what brain division controls conscious thought, perception, memory, and emotion

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

what brain division acts as relay, homeostasis and connects brainstem to cerebrum

A

diencephalon

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6
Q

what brain division controls reflexes and connects cerebrum to spinal cord

A

brain stem

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7
Q

what brain division controls muscle movement, balance- posterior inferior brain

A

cerebellum

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8
Q

elevated ridges; increase surface area of the cortex in cerebrum

A

gyrus

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9
Q

shallow depression, fissures= deeper grooves (separate large brain regions)

A

sulcus

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10
Q

between frontal and parietal

A

central sulcus

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11
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

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12
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

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13
Q

between parietal and occipital

A

parieto-occupital sulcus

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14
Q

separates temporal from parietal and frontal

A

lateral sulcus

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15
Q

what fissures are in the cerebrum

A

longitudinal and transverse

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16
Q

sensory area in cerebrum

A

info in

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17
Q

motor area of cerebrum

A

directed movement

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18
Q

assign meaning to what hear, see, smell

A

association area

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19
Q

how many cerebral lobes are there

A

5

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20
Q

name the 5 cerebral lobes

A

frontal
pariteal
temporal
occipital
insula (deep)

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21
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

voluntary motor function
aggression
mood

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22
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex control

A

personality
decision making

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23
Q

what does does the parietal do

A

receive and evaluates sensory info

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24
Q

what does the temporal lobe control

A

smell, hearing, memory and learning

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25
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

receive and integrate visual input

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26
Q

what does the insula lobe do

A

receive and evaluate taste info
addictive behavior
OCD is connected

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27
Q

gray matter in the brain

A

cerebal cortex

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28
Q

pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex =

A

precise skeletal movements

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29
Q

white matter in the brain

A

cerebral medulla

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30
Q

tracts in the cerebal medulla=

A

connections between areas

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31
Q

3 fiber tracts of cerebal medulla are

A

association
commisural
projection

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32
Q

association=

A

same hemisphere

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33
Q

commissural=

A

connect 2 hemispheres (corpus callosum)

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34
Q

projection=

A

connect cerebrum to other parts of brain and spinal cord

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35
Q

the basal ganglia consists of

A

basal nuclei, caudate nucleus, and lentiform nucleus

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36
Q

what is in the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen
globus pallidus

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37
Q

what does the basal ganglia do

A

control motor functions
reward and reinforcement
addictive behavior and habits
receive input from cerebral cortex
attention, cognition, start stop movement
prevent unnecessary movement

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38
Q

cingulate gyrs, hippocampus, amygdala, subcortical nuclei, hypothalamus, and olfactory cortex are all in what system

A

limbic

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39
Q

the limbic system plays roles in

A

motivation, emotion response, learning, memory, ring around diecephalon

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40
Q

what does the hippocampus control

A

learning and memory

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41
Q

what does the amygdala control

A

asses danger, elicits fear, anger, and happy

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42
Q

4 compoenents of diencephalon

A

thalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
hypothalamus

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43
Q

relay for sensory input= gateway to cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

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44
Q

pineal gland= sleep wake cycle

A

epithalamus

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45
Q

inferior to thalamus, control motor function

A

subthalamus

46
Q

infundibulum to pituitary gland
maintains homeostasis
drives thirst, hunger, sex
control body temp

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

3 components for the brainstem

A

pons, medulla, midbrain

48
Q

corpora quadrigemina= superior and inferior colliculi

A

midbrain

49
Q

what craniel nerves are in the midbrain

A

CNIII-IV

50
Q

visual and auditory reflex on the brainstem

A

midbrain

51
Q

sleep and respiratory center, breathing rhythms

A

pons

52
Q

cranial nerves for pons

A

CNV-VII

53
Q

vital reflexes: HR, RR, swallow, vomit, hiccup, cough, sneeze is what brainstem component

A

medulla

54
Q

what cranial nerves are in the medulla

A

CN VIII-XII

55
Q

what does reticular formation do

A

arousal, alert, aware. filters out repetitive stimuliar

56
Q

arbor vitae in cerebellum is what

A

a branching tree

57
Q

vermis of the cerebellum does what

A

divides lateral hemispheres into anterior and posterior lobes

58
Q

is the cerebellum subconscious or conscious movement

A

subconscious

59
Q

smooth, coordinated movement, posture, and balance is from what

A

cerebellum

60
Q

ventricles are filled with? and lined by?

A

CSF
lined by ependymal cells

61
Q

CSF is what

A

liquid shock absorber

62
Q

how does CSF reduce head trauma

A

spreads force over a larger area

63
Q

ventricles reduce brain weight by

A

97%

64
Q

where is the choroid plexus

A

3rd and 4th ventricle

65
Q

CSF is through the

A

central canal of spinal cord

66
Q

the blood brain barrier is highly

A

selective membrane that only allows certain molecules to pass from blood to neuron

67
Q

does the blood brain barrier keep the brain stable

A

yes

68
Q

tight junctions regulate

A

movement; nutrients in and not waste

69
Q

the blood brain barrier is not found in vomitting center but in the

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

the blood brain barrier has difficulty keeping out

A

virsuses, bacteria, and therapeautic drugs

71
Q

the blood brain barrier is ineffective against

A

fats,, oxygen, CO2, nicotine, and alc

72
Q

whats the leading cause of accidental death in north ameria

A

tbi

73
Q

open head injury means

A

cranial contents= exposed to the outside

74
Q

open head injuries would be from

A

gun shot, shrapnel, knife

75
Q

closed head injury means

A

cranial contents remain intact

76
Q

is open or closed head injuries more common

A

closed

77
Q

closed head injuries could be from

A

MVA, sports, blasts

78
Q

immediate, transient impairment of brain function

A

concussion

79
Q

concussion is trauma from

A

head and neck

80
Q

S&S for concusssion

A

loss of consciousness or blurred vision, dizzy, confusion

81
Q

multiple concussions lead to a

A

cumulative effect and elevated risk for long-term brain damage and dementia

82
Q

serious concussion results in

A

brain bruise and permanent neurological damage or contusioin

83
Q

contusion to brain stem results in

A

coma due to RAS injury

84
Q

types of head injuries

A

coup and countercoup

85
Q

coup is a

A

localized injury at site of blow

86
Q

countercoup is a

A

richochet off opposite side of the brain

87
Q

Is coup or countercoup more common

A

countercoup

88
Q

blast tbi symtpon

A

chronic, severe migraine-like headaches last months to years

89
Q

risk of subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

death

90
Q

what happens to Bvs in subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

they rupture into space

91
Q

S&S for blast tbi or subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

lucid deteriorates neurologically
blood accumulates to increase ICP

92
Q

for subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage what should you do wit the hematome

A

remove surgically and repair damage vessels

93
Q

risk of cerebral edema is

A

death

94
Q

diagnosis for tbi

A

neurological exam
CT scan
MRI
neuropsychological test

95
Q

treatment for tbi

A

mild=stop play rest
rest
OTC pain relievers for headache
monitor
limit cognitive activity
diuretics- reduce fluid buildup in the brain

96
Q

severe treatment for tbi

A

stabilize to prevent death
hospital
medication
surgery
rehab

97
Q

tbi may decrease life expectancy for

A

9 years

98
Q

CNI is what brain division

A

cerebrum

99
Q

CNII is what brain division

A

diencephalon

100
Q

CNIII-X, XII is what brain division

A

brain stem

101
Q

CN XI is what brain division

A

spinal cord

102
Q

inflammation. excrutiting pain stab few seconds to minute. may occur 100s of times per day. sensory stimulus sets it off. arterial loop presses on v nerve

A

trigeminal neuroglia

103
Q

meds for trigeminal neuroglia

A

anticonvulsant and gabapentin

104
Q

gamma knife surgery

A

move or destroy nerve= loss of sensation

105
Q

facial muscle paralysis with partial loss of taste sensation

A

bells palsy

106
Q

due to inflammation of facial nerve=

A

hereps simplex1 viral infection rapidly occurs

107
Q

symptoms of bells palsy

A

ptosis lower eyelid, corner mouth drops
tear leakage (eye not closed completely)

108
Q

risk factor for bells palsy

A

vitamin c defiency

109
Q

treatment for bells palsy

A

corticosteroids
PT
antiviral
artificial tears

110
Q

70% recover from bells palsy within a

A

few weeks up or up to six months

Human Structure and Function I (26 decks)

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