Chapter 13 Flashcards
what is a complex organ with 100 billion neurons and a trillion neuroglia
the brain
what integrated information from the rest of the body
the brain
4 brain divisions are
cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
what brain division controls conscious thought, perception, memory, and emotion
cerebrum
what brain division acts as relay, homeostasis and connects brainstem to cerebrum
diencephalon
what brain division controls reflexes and connects cerebrum to spinal cord
brain stem
what brain division controls muscle movement, balance- posterior inferior brain
cerebellum
elevated ridges; increase surface area of the cortex in cerebrum
gyrus
shallow depression, fissures= deeper grooves (separate large brain regions)
sulcus
between frontal and parietal
central sulcus
primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
between parietal and occipital
parieto-occupital sulcus
separates temporal from parietal and frontal
lateral sulcus
what fissures are in the cerebrum
longitudinal and transverse
sensory area in cerebrum
info in
motor area of cerebrum
directed movement
assign meaning to what hear, see, smell
association area
how many cerebral lobes are there
5
name the 5 cerebral lobes
frontal
pariteal
temporal
occipital
insula (deep)
what does the frontal lobe do
voluntary motor function
aggression
mood
what does the prefrontal cortex control
personality
decision making
what does does the parietal do
receive and evaluates sensory info
what does the temporal lobe control
smell, hearing, memory and learning
what does the occipital lobe do
receive and integrate visual input
what does the insula lobe do
receive and evaluate taste info
addictive behavior
OCD is connected
gray matter in the brain
cerebal cortex
pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex =
precise skeletal movements
white matter in the brain
cerebral medulla
tracts in the cerebal medulla=
connections between areas
3 fiber tracts of cerebal medulla are
association
commisural
projection
association=
same hemisphere
commissural=
connect 2 hemispheres (corpus callosum)
projection=
connect cerebrum to other parts of brain and spinal cord
the basal ganglia consists of
basal nuclei, caudate nucleus, and lentiform nucleus
what is in the lentiform nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
what does the basal ganglia do
control motor functions
reward and reinforcement
addictive behavior and habits
receive input from cerebral cortex
attention, cognition, start stop movement
prevent unnecessary movement
cingulate gyrs, hippocampus, amygdala, subcortical nuclei, hypothalamus, and olfactory cortex are all in what system
limbic
the limbic system plays roles in
motivation, emotion response, learning, memory, ring around diecephalon
what does the hippocampus control
learning and memory
what does the amygdala control
asses danger, elicits fear, anger, and happy
4 compoenents of diencephalon
thalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
hypothalamus
relay for sensory input= gateway to cerebral cortex
thalamus
pineal gland= sleep wake cycle
epithalamus
inferior to thalamus, control motor function
subthalamus
infundibulum to pituitary gland
maintains homeostasis
drives thirst, hunger, sex
control body temp
hypothalamus
3 components for the brainstem
pons, medulla, midbrain
corpora quadrigemina= superior and inferior colliculi
midbrain
what craniel nerves are in the midbrain
CNIII-IV
visual and auditory reflex on the brainstem
midbrain
sleep and respiratory center, breathing rhythms
pons
cranial nerves for pons
CNV-VII
vital reflexes: HR, RR, swallow, vomit, hiccup, cough, sneeze is what brainstem component
medulla
what cranial nerves are in the medulla
CN VIII-XII
what does reticular formation do
arousal, alert, aware. filters out repetitive stimuliar
arbor vitae in cerebellum is what
a branching tree
vermis of the cerebellum does what
divides lateral hemispheres into anterior and posterior lobes
is the cerebellum subconscious or conscious movement
subconscious
smooth, coordinated movement, posture, and balance is from what
cerebellum
ventricles are filled with? and lined by?
CSF
lined by ependymal cells
CSF is what
liquid shock absorber
how does CSF reduce head trauma
spreads force over a larger area
ventricles reduce brain weight by
97%
where is the choroid plexus
3rd and 4th ventricle
CSF is through the
central canal of spinal cord
the blood brain barrier is highly
selective membrane that only allows certain molecules to pass from blood to neuron
does the blood brain barrier keep the brain stable
yes
tight junctions regulate
movement; nutrients in and not waste
the blood brain barrier is not found in vomitting center but in the
hypothalamus
the blood brain barrier has difficulty keeping out
virsuses, bacteria, and therapeautic drugs
the blood brain barrier is ineffective against
fats,, oxygen, CO2, nicotine, and alc
whats the leading cause of accidental death in north ameria
tbi
open head injury means
cranial contents= exposed to the outside
open head injuries would be from
gun shot, shrapnel, knife
closed head injury means
cranial contents remain intact
is open or closed head injuries more common
closed
closed head injuries could be from
MVA, sports, blasts
immediate, transient impairment of brain function
concussion
concussion is trauma from
head and neck
S&S for concusssion
loss of consciousness or blurred vision, dizzy, confusion
multiple concussions lead to a
cumulative effect and elevated risk for long-term brain damage and dementia
serious concussion results in
brain bruise and permanent neurological damage or contusioin
contusion to brain stem results in
coma due to RAS injury
types of head injuries
coup and countercoup
coup is a
localized injury at site of blow
countercoup is a
richochet off opposite side of the brain
Is coup or countercoup more common
countercoup
blast tbi symtpon
chronic, severe migraine-like headaches last months to years
risk of subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
death
what happens to Bvs in subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
they rupture into space
S&S for blast tbi or subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
lucid deteriorates neurologically
blood accumulates to increase ICP
for subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage what should you do wit the hematome
remove surgically and repair damage vessels
risk of cerebral edema is
death
diagnosis for tbi
neurological exam
CT scan
MRI
neuropsychological test
treatment for tbi
mild=stop play rest
rest
OTC pain relievers for headache
monitor
limit cognitive activity
diuretics- reduce fluid buildup in the brain
severe treatment for tbi
stabilize to prevent death
hospital
medication
surgery
rehab
tbi may decrease life expectancy for
9 years
CNI is what brain division
cerebrum
CNII is what brain division
diencephalon
CNIII-X, XII is what brain division
brain stem
CN XI is what brain division
spinal cord
inflammation. excrutiting pain stab few seconds to minute. may occur 100s of times per day. sensory stimulus sets it off. arterial loop presses on v nerve
trigeminal neuroglia
meds for trigeminal neuroglia
anticonvulsant and gabapentin
gamma knife surgery
move or destroy nerve= loss of sensation
facial muscle paralysis with partial loss of taste sensation
bells palsy
due to inflammation of facial nerve=
hereps simplex1 viral infection rapidly occurs
symptoms of bells palsy
ptosis lower eyelid, corner mouth drops
tear leakage (eye not closed completely)
risk factor for bells palsy
vitamin c defiency
treatment for bells palsy
corticosteroids
PT
antiviral
artificial tears
70% recover from bells palsy within a
few weeks up or up to six months
