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Human Structure and Function I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Chapters 6

1
Q

4 components of the skeletal system

A

bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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2
Q

6 functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. framework for body (support/ bear weight)
  2. protection (organs)
  3. allow movement
  4. store minerals in bone (Ca, P)
  5. stores adipose in bone cavity (yellow marrow)
  6. red bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
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3
Q

what attaches muscles to bone

A

tendons

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4
Q

what holds bones together

A

ligaments

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5
Q

what cartilage is in the embryonic skeletal and bone

A

hyaline

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5
Q

3 cartilage types in the skeletal system

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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6
Q

what cartilage is at the ends of bones that help with glide and friction

A

hyaline

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7
Q

what cartilage has a glassy background and collagen

A

hyaline

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8
Q

what cartilage is elastin, flexible: external ear and epiglottis

A

elastic

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9
Q

what cartilage has collagen fibers, strong and often found in pubic symysis, knee mensicus and intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

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10
Q

2 types of cartilage growth

A

appositional and interstitial

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11
Q

cartilage forming cells secrete new matrix against external face of existing caritlage

A

appositional

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12
Q

chrondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expand cartilage from within

A

interstitial

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13
Q

reinforced concrete is

A

bone matrix

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14
Q

components of bone matrix

A

collagen and minerals

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15
Q

what has flexible strength. LOSE= BRITTLE

A

collagen

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16
Q

hydroxyapetite is

A

minerals

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17
Q

what has weight bearing strength LOSE= bend

A

minerals

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18
Q

build matrix is what bone cell

A

osteoblast

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19
Q

what lays down new bone on surface (appositional)

A

osteoblast

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20
Q

osteogenesis/ ossification

A

osteoblast

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21
Q

what bone cell arises from osteochondral progenitor cells (stem cells)

A

osteoblast

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22
Q

what bone cell maintain matrix

A

osteocytes

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23
Q

what bone cell is 90-95% of bone cells

A

osteocytes

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24
Q

what arises from osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

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25
Q

what bone cells live long up to 25 years

A

osteocytes

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26
Q

what bone cell is found in lacunae and communicate via canaliculi

A

osteocytes

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27
Q

what bone cell breakdown matrix

A

osteoclasts

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28
Q

what bone cell has calcium into blood and arise in red bone marrow

A

osteoclast

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29
Q

when does ossification occur

A
  1. as fetus
  2. when grow
  3. when repair fracture
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30
Q

what are two bone types

A

woven and lamellar

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31
Q

what bone type is formed by osteoblasts to build stronger, more permanent bone

A

lamellar

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32
Q

what bone type is formed 1st by osteoblasts

A

woven

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33
Q

what bone type is weak due to random placement of collagen

A

woven

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34
Q

what breaks down woven bone

A

osteoclasts

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35
Q

what bone is arranged in concentric sheets/ layers

A

lamellar

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36
Q

what does a parallel arrangement usually mean

A

strong

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37
Q

what are final bone types

A

spongy and compact

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38
Q

what final bone appears porous, w more space

A

spongy

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39
Q

what final bone type has more bone matrix, dense, solid outer layer

A

compact

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40
Q

what final bone type has concentric rings of lamellae

A

compact

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41
Q

what final bone consists of trabeculae= interconnected rods

A

spongy

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42
Q

what final bone has osteon/ haversian system= unit

A

compact

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43
Q

main shaft of long bone

A

diaphysis

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44
Q

what is the diaphysis composted of

A

compact bone

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45
Q

what does the diaphysis have in the center

A

medullary cavity

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46
Q

what part of the long bone is at the ends and consists of mostly spongy bone

A

epiphysis

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47
Q

what is epiphysis bone covered in

A

articular cartilage

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48
Q

what is growth between 2 parts and occurs at both ends

A

epiphyseal plate

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49
Q

when growth is complete it is called

A

epiphyseal line

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50
Q

bone marrow red gives rise to and where

A

blood cells in the epiphyses

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51
Q

yellow bone marrow consists of what and where

A

adipose in diaphysis

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52
Q

what layer is in the inner surface and is bone cells

A

endosteum

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52
Q

what layer is in the outer surface and consists of dense irregular ct

A

peristeum

53
Q

what layer helps with attachment and strengthen area for ligament/ tendon

A

sharpeys fibers

54
Q

other bone types include

A

flat , short and irregular

55
Q

spongy bone sandwhich is

A

flat

56
Q

no diaphysis, small growth plates is

A

short and irregular bone

57
Q

fetal ossification all derive from

A

mesenchymal ct

58
Q

two categories for fetal ossification

A

intramembraneous and endochondral

59
Q

intramembraneous fetal ossification includes what kind of ct

A

embryonic

60
Q

endochondral fetal ossification includes what kind of cartilage

A

hyaline

61
Q

when does intramembraneous ossification occur

A

embryo at 8 weeks to 2 y/o

62
Q

where does endochondral ossification occur

A

base of skull, mandible area, clavicle epiphyses, rest of skeleton

63
Q

intramembraneous ossification steps (3)

A
  1. osteoblast formation
  2. spongy bone formation
  3. compact bone formation
64
Q

what is happening in osteoblast formation in intramembraneous ossification

A

mesenchymal cells- osteochondral progenitor cells - osteoblasts and become osteocytes. trabeculae of woven bone develop

64
Q

what happens in spongy bone formation of intramembraneous ossification

A

osteoblasts present on trabeculae surface, cause it to become larger and longer. trabeculae join together to form spongy bone

65
Q

what happens during compact bone formation during intramembraneous ossification

A

red bone marrow forms, as does peristeum. osteoblasts from periosteum lay down bone matrix to form compact bone. creates bone with outer compact bone and spongy in center

66
Q

what are soft spots

A

fontanels

67
Q

what is covered by membrane and bone fuse to cover and it allows brain growth and is usually complete in about 22 months

A

fontanels

68
Q

5 steps of endochondral ossification

A
  1. cartilage model formation
  2. bone collar formation
  3. primary ossification center
  4. secondary ossification center
  5. adult bone
69
Q

bones grow at the

A

epiphyseal plate

70
Q

what connects diaphysis to epiphysis

A

metaphysis

71
Q

what lay down new cartilage in epiphyseal plate

A

long bones

72
Q

does bone growth occur at both ends

A

yes

73
Q

when growing is done what happens

A

epiphyseal plate ossifies into epiphyseal line

74
Q

remodeling occurs and is replaced every

A

10 years

75
Q

genes determine

A

final height

76
Q

other factors influence

A

expression

77
Q

factors affecting bone growth is

A

nutrition and hormones

78
Q

malnutrition means

A

shorter bones

79
Q

what is needed for calcium absorption from intestinal area. you make or ingest it

A

vitamin d

80
Q

lack of vitamin causes what in kids

A

rickets

81
Q

what is rickets

A

bowed knees and joint inflammation

82
Q

lack of vitamin d in adults result in

A

osteomalacia

83
Q

softening due to calcium depletion is

A

osteomalacia

84
Q

what is needed for osteoblasts to make collagen

A

vitamin c

85
Q

deficiency in vitamin c results in

A

growth retardation

86
Q

lack of vitamin c results in

A

scurvy

87
Q

ulceration and hemorrhage, impaired would healing and teeth fall out is classified as

A

scurvy

88
Q

xs hormones result in

A

gigantism

89
Q

insufficient hormones result in

A

dwarfism

90
Q

remodeling occurs throughout

A

lifetime

91
Q

bone deposit consists of

A

osteoblasts

92
Q

when does bone deposit occur

A

with bone injuries, need extra bone strength

93
Q

bone resorption consists of

A

osteoclasts

94
Q

Breakdown matrix where less Stress

A

bone resorption

95
Q

remodeling is controlled via

A

(-) Feedback: Hormones (Blood Calcium Levels)

96
Q

Calcitonin

A

C cells of Thyroid, (Osteoblasts Active, Bone Deposit)

97
Q

PTH

A

(Osteoclasts Active, Release into Bloodstream)

98
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bones Remodel in response to force/stress placed upon it.

99
Q

BOTH …. & ……… ….. work hand in hand

A

hormonal and mechanical stress

100
Q

determines WHETHER & WHEN remodeling will occur in
response to changing Blood Calcium Levels

A

hormonal

101
Q

determines WHERE remodeling occurs.

A

mechanical

102
Q

Mechanism of Fracture

A

Trauma, Pathologic, Periprosthetic (Plates Rods)

103
Q

Soft Tissue Damage

A

Closed vs Open (Compound)

104
Q

Displaced vs NOT

A
  • Displaced (Bone ends NOT aligned)
105
Q

Fracture Pattern

A
  • Linear (Parallel to Bone length), Spiral (Twisting), Avulsion (Bone fragment), Stress (Hairline) from overuse, Compression (Weak = Collapses)
106
Q

& Arrangement of Bone fragments

A
  • Incomplete (Part of Bone) vs Complete vs Comminuted (multiple fragments)
107
Q

Age Specific

A
  • Kids (Greenstick = 1 side breaks, other bends), Epiphyseal Fracture- eneven growth
108
Q

4 steps to repair damage

A
  1. Hematoma Formation
  2. Fibrocartilagenous Callus Formation
  3. Bony Callus Formation
  4. Remodeling
109
Q

(~4 days) Mass of clotted blood at fracture site, Bone cells die due to
lack of nutrition, tissue becomes inflamed

A

Hematoma Formation

110
Q

Soft granulation tissue; Capillaries & Phagocytes
into area  Spongy bone forms; Callus splints bones (Ext & Int)

A

Fibrocartilagenous Callus Formation

111
Q

(3-4 weeks to 2-3 months) Osteoblasts/Osteoclasts multiply;
Callus  Spongy Bone

A

Bony Callus Formation

112
Q

(Several months) XS material outside of bone & inside Medullary Cavity;
Compact Bone fixes shaft–. Like Original

A

Remodeling

113
Q

bone heals with

A

xs strength

114
Q

Fracture treated by

A

reduction

115
Q

reduction is

A

realign fractured ends

116
Q

repair for closed fracture

A

Ends together by Manual Manipulation.

117
Q

repair for open fracture

A

Surgery Performed, Ends held together by Pins/Plates

Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)

External Fixation – Used when ORIF too dangerous,
Need 2nd surgery (once swelling improved),
Comminuted needing many pins to secure

Immobilize by Cast/Traction (8-12 weeks)

Cast – Plaster or FIberglass

118
Q

XS Abnormal Bone Resorption & Formation

A

paget disease

119
Q

pagets disease have a high ration of what to what

A

woven to compact

120
Q

Bones become Soft & Weak, Decreased …….. Activity during pagets disease

A

osteoclast

121
Q

Osteoblasts form what during pagets disease

A

Irregular Bone Thickness

122
Q

pagets disease affect women and men over

A

40

123
Q

where does pagets disease usually affect

A

spine, pelvis, femur, and skull

124
Q

Weakened / Porous Bone- Deformity & Prone to Fracture

A

osteoporosis

125
Q

causes of osteporosis

A

1.decreased Reproductive Hormone Level,
2. Inadequate Dietary Intake or Decreased absorption of Calcium,
3.Sedentary,
4.Disuse from Injury. Oophorectomy,
5. Cigarette smoking.
6. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) for Acid Reflux use x5 years

126
Q

osteoporosis affects

A

vertebral area, forearm, and pelvis

127
Q

Decrease in Height, Kyphosis. is from

A

osteoporosis

128
Q

Diagnosis for osteoporosis

A

DEXA scan = Dual Energy x-ray Absorptiometry

129
Q

prevention for osteoporsis

A
  1. daily calcium
  2. dairy in diet
  3. vitamin d iu daily
  4. avoid high phosphorous foods
  5. avoid alc and caffeine
  6. weight bearing exercises
130
Q

treatment for osteoporosis

A
  1. bisphophonates= osteoclast inhibitors
  2. estrogen like meds
  3. antibodies activate bone breakdown
  4. calcitonin replacement
  5. zoledronic acid (yearly shot)

Human Structure and Function I (24 decks)

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