Exam 2 Flashcards
Chapter 8
areas where 2 or more joints meet
joint
2 functions of joints and articulations
skeletal mobility and hold skeleton together
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
structural
synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic
functional
largest, most complex joint in body
knee joint
what joint puts the patella and lower femur together
femoropatellar joint
lateral and medial joints= formoral condyles and menisci
tibiofemoral
3 broad ligaments in the knee anchor
patella to tibia
patellar ligament to
tibial tuberosity
medial and lateral patellar retinacula keep
patella centered
what is a modified hinge joint
knee joint
the knee join is prefominantly supproted by
soft tissues with minimal strucutural support
joint reinforcement by 4 ligaments are
extracapsular and intracapsular
collateral
extracapsular
cruciate
intracapsular
connects tibia to femur on medial knee attached to medial meniscus
medial collateral ligament
connects fibula to femur on lateral knee
lateral collateral ligament
connects anterior tibia to posterior femur
anterior cruciate ligament
connects posterior tibia to mid femur
posterior cruciate ligament
unable to prevent forward movement of tibia on femur
acl check= drawer sign
click sound when extend leg. severe damage= torn caritlage can between be between articulating tibia and femur surfaces and knee locks in partial flexion
torn meniscus
knee anterior movement/ hyperextended
acl tear
knee posterior movement
pcl tear
how to fix knee injury
surgery with cadaver or artificial ligament
lateral force. knee bends in, tearing opposite side of joint. acl, mcl, medial meniscus
unhappy triad
flattened sacs, lined by synovial membrane, prevents friction
bursa
fibrocartialge, separates articulating bone surfaces, subdivides synovial cavity
meniscus
elongated bursa, crowded tendons. wraps around tendon, prevents xs friction
tendon sheath
unite bones and direct movement. prevent xs movement
ligaments
keeps tendons taut and stabilizes. low contractile activity in relaxed muscles
muscle tone
torn or stretched Ligaments that reinforce joint (Ankle), Pain & Swelling
Partial tear self repair. Slow to heal, due to Poor Vascularization.
sprain
Pulled Muscle. Injury to Muscle / Tendon via Stretch or Overexertion.
strain
Joint out of Socket, Inflammation. Need to Reduce. Splint or Cast.
dislocation
Inflammation of Bursa. Due to Overuse or Injury.
bursitis
Inflammation of Tendon Sheaths. Due to Overuse
tendonitis
treatment for joint disorders
RICE = Rest Ice Compression Elevation
Pain Relievers, Physical Therapy, Stretch.
what is the most widespread crippling disease in US
arthritis
due to bacteria infection, treat antibiotics
acute form
OA, RA, gout
chronic forms
most common chronic type of arthritis
osteoarthritis
risk factors for osteoarthritis
obesity and genetic
in osteoarthritis non-inflammation, pain and swelling of
soft tissues at joint
in osteoarthritis there is a gradual breakdown of
articular cartilage, and is irreversible
bone spurs is
osteophytes
treatment for osteoarthritis
medications to decrease swelling and pain
PT
surgery to fuse bones
prosthetic joint replacement
2nd most common type og arthritis
rheumatoid
for rheumatoid arthritis is more common in male or female
3x more common in females
what does rheumatoid arthritis affect
skin, vessels, lungs, joints, anemia, osteoporosis, CV issues, muscles weak
risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis
genetic predisposition
transient infection/ autoimmune disease targeting collagen
idiopathic etiology
rheumatoid arthritis is proliferation of
synovial fluid and CT cells, which thickens joint capsule and destroys articular cartilage
uric acid is
normal waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
urate crystals form large nodules in joints, bone, cartilage
tophi
untreated gout results in
joint destruction, bone ends fuse and immobility
treatment for gout
antiinflammatory meds: cochicine, steroids
allopurinol
probenecid
prevention of gout
increased water consumption
lose weight
exercise
avoid diuretics and alc
avoid high purine containing nucleic acid foods
immovable end of bone
origin
movable end
insertion
as muscles contract across joint and ends are drawn closer together
movement
3 types of synovial movement
- gliding
- angular
- circular
simplest, in plane joints, such as carpal bones, slide or glide
gliding
Change in Angles between Bones at Joint.
Increase or Decrease angle.
Trunk/Limb bends in relation to another Body Part
angular
Rotation around Axis in Circular Pattern
circular
Not fit into other Categories
special movements
Named for Individual Movements.
combination movements
Decrease in joint angle, Bones closer together.
flexion
More than 180 degrees. Can be normal or not.
hyperextension
Increase in joint angle, Bones straighten.
extension
Point toes, Ballerina
plantar flexion
Walk on Heels
dorsiflexion
Movement away from Midline
abduction
Movement toward Midline
adduction
Rotates on Long Axis
rotation
Combination, Flex, extend, Ab & Adduction. Freely movable.
Movement in Arc. Cone shape, Big circles.
circumduction
Forearm rotation. Prone – facedown, Palm down Ulna & Radius cross..
pronation
Forearm rotation. Supine – faceup, Palm up. Ulna & Radius parallel.
supination
Raise superiorly
elevation
Drop inferiorly
depression
Glide anteriorly, Jaw forward.
protraction
Gliding posteriorly, Jaw retracts.
retraction
Move mandible away from midline.
lateral excursion
back to midline
medial
Plantar surface faces midline
inversion
Plantar surface faces away from midline
eversion
UNIQUE. Touch thumb to other fingertips on SAME Hand. OK Sign.
Grasp & Manipulate objects.
opposition
Returns thumb to neutral, anatomical position.
reposition
