Chapter 1 Flashcards
The Human
anatomy definition is the
study of body parts
ana means
up
tome means
to cut
physiology definition is
study of function/ activity of nature/ living matter
complementarity of structure and function is
how something is designed and is related to how it will function or work
small intestine structure includes
circular folds, villi, and microvilli
small intestine function is to
increase surface area
developmental anatomy is
structural changes that occur from conception to adulthood (life span)
embryology is
structural changes that occur un utero (fertilization to birth)
when is embryology
the first 8 weeks (embryo, then fetus)
gross anatomy is micro or macro scopic
both
macroscopic means seeing with the
naked eye
systemic anatomy is the
study body by systemic approach
regional anatomy is the
study of all structures in certain region of body
surface anatomy is
study of surface to examine internal structures, deeper in the body
microscopic anatomy is or is NOT seen with the naked eye
not
cytology is the
study of structural features of cells
histology is the
study of tissues
name three subdivisions of macroscopic anatomy
regional, surface, and systemic
name two subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
cytology and histology
tomographic anatomy is
medical imaging
pathologic anatomy is the
study and diagnosis of disease
what are the 6 organizational levels of anatomy
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level (11)
- organism
how many organ systems are there
11
what is homeostasis
it is the maintenance of internal environment that keeps it relatively constant
how do you keep homeostasis within the normal range
by increasing and decreasing around set point
how is homeostasis regulated
by the feedback loops
what is negative feedback
see saw, stop response when response causes variable to return to set point
example of negative feedback loop
body temp regulation
what is positive feedback loop
continued response beyond a set point until original stimulus is removed
examples of positive feedback loop
blood clotting and child birth
anatomical position
stand erect, facing forward, arms hanging at side, palms forward
supine
is lying face upward
prone
lying face down
ipsilateral
stuructures lie on the same side of the body
contralateral
structures lie on the opposite side of the body
superior vs inferior
top vs bottom
anterior vs posterior
front vs back
vental vs dorsal
front vs back
proximal vs distal
top vs bottom to trunk of body
medial vs lateral
middle vs outside
name the regions top row, middle row, bottom right to left
right hypocondriac, epigastric, left hyocondriac
right lumbar, umbillical, left lumbar
right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac
sagittal plane
cut left and right
midsagittal plane
divided into halves
parasagittal
divided into unequal left and right
transverse
divided into top and bottom
frontal (coronal)
divide into front and back
oblique plane
not a right angle to other plans, often used in medical imaging to see specialized structures
longitudinal section
cut through the length of an organ
transverse cross section
cut at right angle to length of an organ
what are the two body cavities
dorsal and ventral
dorsal body cavity consists of
cranial and vertebral which houses brain and spinal cord
ventral body cavity consists of
thoracic and abdominopelvic which houses lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, ureter, and gonads
what are serous membranes
double layered membranes that line the walls of body cavities and surface of internal organs
what is the largest cavity in the anterior view
ventral
what is the largest cavity in the posterior view
dorsal
visceral layer covers
the organ
parietal layer lines
the cavity wall
what layer is actually touching the actual organ
visceral
which layer is the inner and what is the outer
visceral is inner
parietal is outer
when there is no fluid between the layers it will
hit, stick, rub, and cause pain causing inflammation
what is a cavity
space, filled with fluid, prevents rubbing of 2 layers
pleural cavity is the
lung
pericardial cavity is the
heart
retroperitoneum is the
posterior body wall
peritoneal cavity is the
internal organs
when infection occurs there could be
inflammation
pleurisy is
inflammation of the pleura
pericarditis is
inflammation of the pericardium
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
what is pericarditis
fluid accumulation in sac resulting in cardiac tamponade and results in death
what causes periicarditis
heart attack, malignancy encroachment, XRT, trauma
how do you treat peridcarditis
remove fluid
