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Human Structure and Function I > chapter 15- ears and taste > Flashcards

chapter 15- ears and taste Flashcards

1
Q

sense of smell

A

olfaction

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2
Q

what stimulates sensory receptors in olfactory region at superior portion of nasal cavity

A

odor

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3
Q

what is lines with olfactory epithelium

A

cell bodies and dendrites of 10 million olfactory neurons

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4
Q

olfactory receptor cells=

A

chemoreceptors

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5
Q

dendrites of olfactory neurons extend to what surface

A

epithelial surface

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6
Q

dendrites of olfactory neurons extend to epithelial surface of what

A

nasal cavity and ends are modified into bulbous enlargements

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7
Q

dendrites of olfactory neurons extend to epithelial surface of nasal cavity and ends are modified into bulbous enlargements=

A

olfactory vesicles

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8
Q

olfactory vesicles have

A

cilia

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9
Q

receptor molecules react to about how many odors

A

4000

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10
Q

receptor molecules are classified into 7 primary classfications which are

A
  1. camphor
  2. musk
  3. floral
  4. peppermint
  5. ethereal
  6. pungent
  7. putrid
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11
Q

when receptor saturated with odorant (no longer responds)=

A

adaptation (less sensitive)

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12
Q

primary olfactory neurons undergo what kind of replacement

A

constant replacement

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13
Q

how are primary olfactory neurons unique

A

ability as most neurons permanent

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14
Q

the entire olfactory epithelium degenerates about when

A

every 2 months

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15
Q

primary olfactory neurons are replaced by

A

basal cells

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16
Q

olfactory neuron axons go through foramina in the ….

A

cribiform plate

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17
Q

cribiform plate->

A

olfactory bulb

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18
Q

secondary neurons relay information to the …

A

brain

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19
Q

how do secondary neurons relay information to the brain

A

olfactory tracts

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20
Q

central olfactory cortex involved in

A

stimuli perception

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21
Q

neural pathways are able to perceive what?

A

specific odors

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22
Q

neural pathways are able to perceive specific odors, as well as ?

A

emotional and autonomic responses

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23
Q

does some information passes through the thalamus vs 2nd pathway?

A

yes

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24
Q

secondary olfactory areas=

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, structures of limbic system

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25
Q

inability to smell

A

anosmia

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26
Q

is anosmia congenital

A

yes

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27
Q

if anosmia is acquired it is usually due to

A

head injury causing olfactory nerve tear

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28
Q

what is related to nasal cavity inflammation or neurological disorder (parkinsons)

A

anosmia

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29
Q

anosmia may be early sign of

A

alzheimers

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30
Q

smells associated with danger trigger what

A

sympathetic fight or flight response

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31
Q

smells associated with food=

A

appetite stimulant-> salivation vs repulsion as protective reflex

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32
Q

what is detected by taste buds

A

gustatory stimuli

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33
Q

bumps on tongue, named for shape

A

papillae

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34
Q

most numerous on tongue surface, no taste buds
rough surface= manipulate food easily

A

filiform

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35
Q

largest and fewest papillae, form v shaped row between anterior and posterior tongue

A

vallate (wall surrounds)

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36
Q

in folds along sides of tongue
most abundant in kids, amount decreases with age
adults= posterior

A

foliate

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37
Q

scattered throughout superior tongue, small red dots

A

fungiform

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38
Q

ovoid structures embedded in tongue and mouth epithelium

A

taste buds

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39
Q

what detects taste stimuli

A

taste buds

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40
Q

what is mostly along edges of tongue papillae, and also seen in other tongue areas, the palate, lips and throat

A

taste buds

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41
Q

each taste bud is about how many taste cells or gustatory cells

A

50

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42
Q

each taste cell has what

A

microvilli

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43
Q

each taste cell has microvolli that go through what?

A

taste pore

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44
Q

taste buds are also

A

basal and supporting cells

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45
Q

taste buds that are also basal and supporting cells are

A

nonsensory

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46
Q

are taste cells replaced continuously

47
Q

normal life span of taste buds is

48
Q

tastants dissolve in

49
Q

tasstants enter taste pores and

A

stimulate taste cells

50
Q

every taste cell can detect 5 types of taste, but each taste cell is most sensitive to

51
Q

5 classificatioins of taste function

A

salty
sweet
sour
bitter
umami

52
Q

metallic ions is what class of taste

53
Q

sugars, carbs, some protein is what class of taste

54
Q

acids is what class of taste

55
Q

alkaloids, may be poisons is what class of taste

56
Q

proteins and amino acids is what class of taste

57
Q

80% of sense of taste is due to

A

sense of smell

58
Q

inability to smell affects

59
Q

is taste affected when you have a cold

A

yes it a dampened

60
Q

taste is most sensitive to

A

bitter substances

61
Q

taste is least sensitive to

A

sweet and salty

62
Q

taste receptors synapse with

A

sensory neurons

63
Q

axons pass through what in taste pathway

64
Q

axons of sensory neurons enter brainstem and stnapse in nucleus of

A

tractus solitarious

65
Q

axons from nucleus synapse in

66
Q

axons from thalamus end in taste area bilaterally in

A

deep lateral fissure

67
Q

what CN crosses over at tympanic membrane of middle ear, anterior 2/3 tongue

68
Q

what CN posterior 1/3 tongue, vallate papillae and superior pharynx

A

glossopharyngeal

69
Q

what CN fibers from root of tongue and epiglottis

70
Q

hearing involved

A

external, middle and inner ear

71
Q

balance involves what part of the ear

72
Q

auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

A

external ear

73
Q

air filled in petrous portion of temporal bone, contains ossicles

A

middle ear

74
Q

sensory organs for hearing and balance in petrous portion of temporal bone cochlea and semicircular canals/ vestible

75
Q

Fleshy part of External Ear, Elastic cartilage covered with Skin
Shape collects Sound Waves & Directs toward External Acoustic Meatus

76
Q

Hair & Ceruminous Glands are present (Produce Modified Sebum - Cerumen/Earwax)
Purpose to prevent foreign objects from reaching Tympanic membrane, Repels Insects
Excess Cerumen blocks canal (Obstructive Hearing Loss)

A

external auditory canal

77
Q

Thin, semitransparent membrane separating External & Middle Ear
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium (Inner), Middle CT Layer, Thin Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Vibrates due to Sound Waves travelling through the External Auditory Canal
Rupture of TM: Due to Foreign object in ear, Infection in Middle ear, Pressure difference (Airplane, Diving)  Hearing Impairment

A

tympanic membrane

78
Q

air filled cavity medial to tympanic membrane

A

middle ear

79
Q

2 covered openings in middle ear

A

oval and round window, air passage via mastoid air cells and auditory tube

80
Q

unequal pressure outer air and middle ear cavity makes hearing difficult and stimulates pain fibers=

A

muffled sounds

81
Q

eardrum painful=

A

open auditory tube

82
Q

relief for unequal pressure is

A

swallow, yawn, chew, hold nose closed and blow out relieves distortion of TM

83
Q

3 ossicles are

A

malleus
incus
stapes

84
Q

2 muscles for middle ear

A

tensor tympani muscle
stepedius muscle

85
Q

tensor tympani muscle is attached to

A

malleus and innervated by CN V

86
Q

stepedius muscle is attached to

A

stapes and innervated by CN VII

87
Q

joint role in middle ear

A

lessen excessively loud sounds- sound attenuatioin slow reflex, too slow to prevent sudden noise damage, not last >10 minutes

88
Q

what does the pharyngotympanic tube do

A

opens into pharynx to equalize air pressure between outside ait and middle ear cavity

89
Q

tunnel and chambers in temoporal bone
filled with perilymph
endosteum is layer of connective tissue that lines internal surface of bony labyrinth

A

bony labyrinth

90
Q

3 regions for the bony labyrinth

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

91
Q

smaller set of membranous tunnels and chambers inside the bony labyrinth, filled with endolymph

A

membraneous labyrinth

92
Q

3 distinct regions of membranous labyrinth within bony labyrinth

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

93
Q

Oval window to Helicotrema at Apex of Cochlea Vestibular Membrane – Wall of Membranous Labyrinth between SV & SM

A

scala vestibuli

94
Q

Between Scala Vestibuli & Scala Tympani
Basilar Membrane – Wall of Membranous Labyrinth between SM & ST

A

scala media

95
Q

Helicotrema back from Apex, parallel to Scala Vestibuli to membrane of Round Window

A

scala tympani

96
Q

spiral organ is in the cochlear duct=

A

site of sensory cells for hearing

97
Q

spiral organ contains specialized sensory cells=

A

hair cells

98
Q

inner hair cells=

99
Q

outer hair cells

A

regulate tension of basilar membrane

100
Q

hair cells synapse with sensory neurons, which join to form the

A

cochlear nerve

101
Q

cochlear nerve joins with vestibular nerve to form

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

102
Q

loudness- functioin of sound wave amplitude of height= measures in decibels
as amplitude increases, sound increases

103
Q

function of sound wave frequency
as frequency increases, pitch increases

104
Q

range of human hearing

105
Q

anything over 125 dB=

A

painful to ear

106
Q

normal human speech range=

A

volume between 250-8000 Hz

107
Q

range is used to test for

A

hearing impairment due to importance of communication

108
Q

resonance quality or overtones of sound, differences in quality between different instruments playing same note at same pitch and volume

109
Q

mechanical movement in external, middle, inner ear-> electrical signals

A

hearing process

110
Q

sound waves:

A

auricle-> external auditory canal-> tympanic membrane-> ossicles-> thru oval window-> scala vestibuli to vestibular membrane-> spinal organ-> hair cell bend-> CN VIII-> thalamus-> auditory cortex in temporal lobe

111
Q

sensory axons from cochlear ganglion terminate in

A

cochlear nucleus in brainstem

112
Q

axons from neurons in the cochlear nucleus project to

A

superior olivary nucleus or inferior colliculus

113
Q

axons from inferior colliculus project to

114
Q

thalamus neurons project to

A

auditory cortex in temporal lobe

Human Structure and Function I (28 decks)

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