Chapter 11 Flashcards
Part 1-3
what is in the CNS
brain and spinal cord
what part of nervous system receives and sends info to the body and is the decision maker
CNS
what is in the PNS
everything else
what does the PNS do
detects stimuli, send into CNS, communicates from CNS to body
sensory division is
afferent
receptors to CNS
sensory division
external and internal environmental stimuli
sensory division
what division detects temp, pain, touch, and pressure
sensory division
motor division is
efferent
CNS to effectors is what division
motor division
what does the motor division include
muscles and glands
what is the voluntary division
somatic NS
examples of somatic NS
skeletal muscles
what in the involuntary division of NS
autonomic NS
what does the autonomic NS include
glands, smooth and cardiac muscle
fight of flight is what division of NS
sympathetic NS
rest and digest is what part of the NS
parasympathetic
what does the sympathetic NS do
increase HR, RR, BP, eyes wide
what does parasympathetic NS do
slows down HR, RR, BP, eyes pinpoint
3 part of the neuron are
dendrite, cell body and axon
short extensions are
dendrites
what receives info from sensory receptors, neurons, and retrograde movement
dendrites
extensive RER= nissl bodides-> extensive protein synthesis what part of the neuron
cell body
what part of neuron sends info from cell body to effector
axon
what kind of movement do axons do
anterograde
what triggers zone where action potentials are generated
axon
what branch to form collateral axons, axoplasm, axolemma and arise from axon hillock
axon
neuron types include
sensory, motor, interneuron
afferent neurons conduct action potential towards CNS
sensory
efferent neurons conduct action potentials away from CNS
motor
conduct action potential within CNS from 1 neuron to next
interneuron
no axon, just dendrite is called
anaxonic neurons
what kind of dendrite does the brain and retina have
anaxonic neurons
1 process into 2 branches
psuedo-unipolar
peripheral (dendrites) and central is what type of dendrite
pseudo-unipolar
2 process, dendrite and axon. sensory organs is what type of dendrite
bipolar
many dendrites and axon. motor neurons of PNS
multipolar
motor neurons of PNS are what type of dendrite
multipolar
blood brain barrier of CNS
astrocytes
line ventricles. choroid plexus- make CSF in the CNS
ependymal cells
immune cells, phagocytic of CNS
microglial cells
form myelin sheath in CNS
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath in pns
schwann cells
support/ nutrition. protect from heavy metals (lead, mercury) in PNS
satellite cells
myelin speed up what
impulse transmission
what does myelin protect
axon
myelin travels from node of ranvier to
node of ranvier along axon
where is myelin in PNS
schwann cell
where is myelin in CNS
oligodendrocyte
impairment of myelin causes
slows impulse transmission
myelin destroying disease is
multiple sclerosis
does myelin control skeletal muscle
no
electrical signals produced by the nervous system
action potential
are there different concentrations of ions in the cytoplasm compared to extracellular fluid
yes
what has a higher concentration of Na and Cl
extracellular
what has a higher concentration of K+
cytoplasm
cann large molecules get through PM easily
no
is the cytoplasm more negative or positively charged
cytoplasm
movement of ions across the plasma membrane changes the charge difference across the PM? which results in what
yes, results in ion channels to open or close
the cytoplasm is electrically
neutral
differences in charge across PM due to uneven amounts of cations and anions across it, what is the PM considered due to this
polarized
what is the resting membrane potential
-70mV
is inside more negative of positive
negative
whats pumps K+ and Na+ against concentration gradient
Na+/K+ pump
what maintains the concentration gradient
Na+/K+ pump
in Na+/K+ is there increase K inside or outside and same with Na
increase K+ inside
increase Na+ ECF
3 Na+ out to
2 K+ in per atp used
2 changes to resting membrane potential is
depolarizatioin and hyperpolarization
in depolarization is the inside or outside more +
inside is more +
-70mV -> -55 mV=
generation of AP
excitatory response=
increased likelihood of generating AP
what is depolarization caused by
Na+, Ca+ entry and changes in ECF K+ concentration
during hyperpolarization is goes from what to what
-70 mV to -90 mV
are you going to likely generate AP during hyperpolarization
no
inhibitory response is caused by
K+ exiting the cell and Cl- entering
nongated ion channels, always open. specfic to each ion is what channel
leak ion channels
specific molecule to receptor (ligand= hormone)
ligand gated
voltage change opens gates
voltage gated
mechanical/ temperature gated channels
other gated ion channels
small change in membrane potential in LOCAL are of PM
graded potential
vary in size, can depolarize or hyperpolarize
graded potential
if summatioin of graded potential=
threshold-> AP
the moment we meet threshold it can automatically generate
AP
mechanism by which neurons communicate with effectors
AP
4 phases of AP
depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, return to RMP
AP travels along PM without losing
strength over distance
when does AP occur
1-2 ms
once AP produced, area is less sensitive to
further stimulation
once cycle starts= complete prior to another AP generation is called
absolute refractory period
when does absolute refractory period span from
AP generation until close to end of repolarization
can absolute refractory period generate another AP
no
what follows absolute period
relative refractory period
strong stimulus=
production of AP
once generated AP, passed along PM, propagates in 1 direction down the
length of axon
two types of conduction
continous and saltatory
unmyelinated conduction (PM secretion by section)
continuous
myelinated conduction (jumps from node of ranvier to next node)
saltatory
AP’s can stimulate in another cell allowing communication between other cells true or false
true
stimulus of heat does what
produce AP in sensory nerve fivers, AP propagated along sensory fibers towards CNS
sensory neuron AP
produce AP in CNS neurons-> CNS AP’s causing motor neurons to generate AP’s-> skeletal muscles AP’s-> skeletal muscle fiber contraction
junction between 2 cells where they communicate with each other
synapse
preseynaptic neuron->……->………
synape-> postsynaptic neuron
neuromuscular junction, neurogland=
neuron to muscle or gland
2 synapse types
electrical and chemical
which synapse type is not common, gap junctions across cytoplasm from 1 cell to the other
electrical
protein channels are called
connexons
what do connexons allow
act as 1 cell (Na+ flows from 1 cell to the other)
where does electrical synapse occur
in cardiac muscle, also smooth muscle
rapid transmission= Na+ causes generation of AP in adjacent cell=
synchronous activity
what type of synapse is a neurotransmitter that communicates to effectors
chemical
for chemical synapse type it goes from presynaptic terminal->……->…….
synaptic cleft-> postsynaptic membrane
AP’s in presynaptic terminal->
NT release from terminal
man y what is present in presynaptic terminals, and also synaptic vesicles
mitochondria
AP-> voltage gated Ca++ channel to open in presynaptic axon terminal-> exocytosis of synaptic vesicle-> NT crosses synaptic cleft, bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane. chemical or electrical
chemical
short term NT effect
rapid destruction or removed from synaptic cleft
6 classes of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
biogenic amines
amino acids
purines
neuropeptides
gases and lipids
two types of biogenic amines
catecholamines
indoleamines
what neurotransmitter is the most well understood
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscles and ANS; nyasthenia gravis
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitter is in the brain, emotions and biological clock
biogenic amines
what is in motor neurons of ANS
catecholamines
what neurotransmitter is derived from histamine and tryptophan= histamine and serotonin
indoleamines
what is found in schizophrenia vs parkinsons( little dopamine), cocaine (xs dopamine)
catecholamines
what NT is found in alzheimers (little serotinin)
indoleamines
what binds to receptors and causes hallucinations
mescaline
what last few ms’s.local graded depolarization if threshold-> AP. dendrite and neuron cell body
excitatory
IPSP; local hyperpolarization, usually on cell body
inhibitory
PSP’s add together to stimulate an AP
Summation
multiple AP’s from separate neurons arrive simultaneiously at same postsynaptic neuron. Large # stimulated
spatial
2+ AP’s arrive at postsynaptic cell. rapid fire, not finish
temporal
simple pathway
serial
input travels along 1 pathway to specific destinatioin. 1 neuron stimulates the next and so on
serial
spinal reflex. reflux= rapid, automatic response to stimuli. spinal reflex. receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration, motor neuron, effector. all or nothing
serial
more complex pathway
parallel
input travels along several pathways integrated in different CNS regioins
parallel
what pathway process a lot information more quickly. triggers unique pathways. same stimulus with many responses. important for higher level intellect
parallel
ACh is released from
receptors
ACh-> acetic acid +….
choline
what does MAO do
enzymes breaks down
