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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

Part 1-3

1
Q

what is in the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what part of nervous system receives and sends info to the body and is the decision maker

A

CNS

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3
Q

what is in the PNS

A

everything else

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4
Q

what does the PNS do

A

detects stimuli, send into CNS, communicates from CNS to body

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5
Q

sensory division is

A

afferent

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6
Q

receptors to CNS

A

sensory division

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7
Q

external and internal environmental stimuli

A

sensory division

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8
Q

what division detects temp, pain, touch, and pressure

A

sensory division

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9
Q

motor division is

A

efferent

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10
Q

CNS to effectors is what division

A

motor division

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11
Q

what does the motor division include

A

muscles and glands

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12
Q

what is the voluntary division

A

somatic NS

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13
Q

examples of somatic NS

A

skeletal muscles

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14
Q

what in the involuntary division of NS

A

autonomic NS

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15
Q

what does the autonomic NS include

A

glands, smooth and cardiac muscle

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16
Q

fight of flight is what division of NS

A

sympathetic NS

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17
Q

rest and digest is what part of the NS

A

parasympathetic

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18
Q

what does the sympathetic NS do

A

increase HR, RR, BP, eyes wide

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19
Q

what does parasympathetic NS do

A

slows down HR, RR, BP, eyes pinpoint

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20
Q

3 part of the neuron are

A

dendrite, cell body and axon

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21
Q

short extensions are

A

dendrites

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22
Q

what receives info from sensory receptors, neurons, and retrograde movement

A

dendrites

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23
Q

extensive RER= nissl bodides-> extensive protein synthesis what part of the neuron

A

cell body

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24
Q

what part of neuron sends info from cell body to effector

A

axon

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25
Q

what kind of movement do axons do

A

anterograde

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26
Q

what triggers zone where action potentials are generated

A

axon

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27
Q

what branch to form collateral axons, axoplasm, axolemma and arise from axon hillock

A

axon

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28
Q

neuron types include

A

sensory, motor, interneuron

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29
Q

afferent neurons conduct action potential towards CNS

A

sensory

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30
Q

efferent neurons conduct action potentials away from CNS

A

motor

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31
Q

conduct action potential within CNS from 1 neuron to next

A

interneuron

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32
Q

no axon, just dendrite is called

A

anaxonic neurons

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33
Q

what kind of dendrite does the brain and retina have

A

anaxonic neurons

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34
Q

1 process into 2 branches

A

psuedo-unipolar

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35
Q

peripheral (dendrites) and central is what type of dendrite

A

pseudo-unipolar

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36
Q

2 process, dendrite and axon. sensory organs is what type of dendrite

A

bipolar

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37
Q

many dendrites and axon. motor neurons of PNS

A

multipolar

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38
Q

motor neurons of PNS are what type of dendrite

A

multipolar

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39
Q

blood brain barrier of CNS

A

astrocytes

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40
Q

line ventricles. choroid plexus- make CSF in the CNS

A

ependymal cells

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41
Q

immune cells, phagocytic of CNS

A

microglial cells

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42
Q

form myelin sheath in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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43
Q

form myelin sheath in pns

A

schwann cells

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44
Q

support/ nutrition. protect from heavy metals (lead, mercury) in PNS

A

satellite cells

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45
Q

myelin speed up what

A

impulse transmission

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46
Q

what does myelin protect

A

axon

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47
Q

myelin travels from node of ranvier to

A

node of ranvier along axon

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48
Q

where is myelin in PNS

A

schwann cell

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49
Q

where is myelin in CNS

A

oligodendrocyte

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50
Q

impairment of myelin causes

A

slows impulse transmission

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51
Q

myelin destroying disease is

A

multiple sclerosis

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52
Q

does myelin control skeletal muscle

A

no

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53
Q

electrical signals produced by the nervous system

A

action potential

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54
Q

are there different concentrations of ions in the cytoplasm compared to extracellular fluid

A

yes

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55
Q

what has a higher concentration of Na and Cl

A

extracellular

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56
Q

what has a higher concentration of K+

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

cann large molecules get through PM easily

A

no

58
Q

is the cytoplasm more negative or positively charged

A

cytoplasm

59
Q

movement of ions across the plasma membrane changes the charge difference across the PM? which results in what

A

yes, results in ion channels to open or close

60
Q

the cytoplasm is electrically

A

neutral

61
Q

differences in charge across PM due to uneven amounts of cations and anions across it, what is the PM considered due to this

A

polarized

62
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

63
Q

is inside more negative of positive

A

negative

64
Q

whats pumps K+ and Na+ against concentration gradient

A

Na+/K+ pump

65
Q

what maintains the concentration gradient

A

Na+/K+ pump

66
Q

in Na+/K+ is there increase K inside or outside and same with Na

A

increase K+ inside
increase Na+ ECF

67
Q

3 Na+ out to

A

2 K+ in per atp used

68
Q

2 changes to resting membrane potential is

A

depolarizatioin and hyperpolarization

69
Q

in depolarization is the inside or outside more +

A

inside is more +

70
Q

-70mV -> -55 mV=

A

generation of AP

71
Q

excitatory response=

A

increased likelihood of generating AP

72
Q

what is depolarization caused by

A

Na+, Ca+ entry and changes in ECF K+ concentration

73
Q

during hyperpolarization is goes from what to what

A

-70 mV to -90 mV

74
Q

are you going to likely generate AP during hyperpolarization

A

no

75
Q

inhibitory response is caused by

A

K+ exiting the cell and Cl- entering

76
Q

nongated ion channels, always open. specfic to each ion is what channel

A

leak ion channels

77
Q

specific molecule to receptor (ligand= hormone)

A

ligand gated

78
Q

voltage change opens gates

A

voltage gated

79
Q

mechanical/ temperature gated channels

A

other gated ion channels

80
Q

small change in membrane potential in LOCAL are of PM

A

graded potential

81
Q

vary in size, can depolarize or hyperpolarize

A

graded potential

82
Q

if summatioin of graded potential=

A

threshold-> AP

83
Q

the moment we meet threshold it can automatically generate

A

AP

84
Q

mechanism by which neurons communicate with effectors

A

AP

85
Q

4 phases of AP

A

depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, return to RMP

86
Q

AP travels along PM without losing

A

strength over distance

87
Q

when does AP occur

A

1-2 ms

88
Q

once AP produced, area is less sensitive to

A

further stimulation

89
Q

once cycle starts= complete prior to another AP generation is called

A

absolute refractory period

90
Q

when does absolute refractory period span from

A

AP generation until close to end of repolarization

91
Q

can absolute refractory period generate another AP

A

no

92
Q

what follows absolute period

A

relative refractory period

93
Q

strong stimulus=

A

production of AP

94
Q

once generated AP, passed along PM, propagates in 1 direction down the

A

length of axon

95
Q

two types of conduction

A

continous and saltatory

96
Q

unmyelinated conduction (PM secretion by section)

A

continuous

97
Q

myelinated conduction (jumps from node of ranvier to next node)

A

saltatory

98
Q

AP’s can stimulate in another cell allowing communication between other cells true or false

A

true

99
Q

stimulus of heat does what

A

produce AP in sensory nerve fivers, AP propagated along sensory fibers towards CNS

100
Q

sensory neuron AP

A

produce AP in CNS neurons-> CNS AP’s causing motor neurons to generate AP’s-> skeletal muscles AP’s-> skeletal muscle fiber contraction

101
Q

junction between 2 cells where they communicate with each other

A

synapse

102
Q

preseynaptic neuron->……->………

A

synape-> postsynaptic neuron

103
Q

neuromuscular junction, neurogland=

A

neuron to muscle or gland

104
Q

2 synapse types

A

electrical and chemical

105
Q

which synapse type is not common, gap junctions across cytoplasm from 1 cell to the other

A

electrical

106
Q

protein channels are called

A

connexons

107
Q

what do connexons allow

A

act as 1 cell (Na+ flows from 1 cell to the other)

108
Q

where does electrical synapse occur

A

in cardiac muscle, also smooth muscle

109
Q

rapid transmission= Na+ causes generation of AP in adjacent cell=

A

synchronous activity

110
Q

what type of synapse is a neurotransmitter that communicates to effectors

A

chemical

111
Q

for chemical synapse type it goes from presynaptic terminal->……->…….

A

synaptic cleft-> postsynaptic membrane

112
Q

AP’s in presynaptic terminal->

A

NT release from terminal

113
Q

man y what is present in presynaptic terminals, and also synaptic vesicles

A

mitochondria

114
Q

AP-> voltage gated Ca++ channel to open in presynaptic axon terminal-> exocytosis of synaptic vesicle-> NT crosses synaptic cleft, bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane. chemical or electrical

A

chemical

115
Q

short term NT effect

A

rapid destruction or removed from synaptic cleft

116
Q

6 classes of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
biogenic amines
amino acids
purines
neuropeptides
gases and lipids

117
Q

two types of biogenic amines

A

catecholamines
indoleamines

118
Q

what neurotransmitter is the most well understood

A

acetylcholine

119
Q

what neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscles and ANS; nyasthenia gravis

A

acetylcholine

120
Q

what neurotransmitter is in the brain, emotions and biological clock

A

biogenic amines

121
Q

what is in motor neurons of ANS

A

catecholamines

122
Q

what neurotransmitter is derived from histamine and tryptophan= histamine and serotonin

A

indoleamines

123
Q

what is found in schizophrenia vs parkinsons( little dopamine), cocaine (xs dopamine)

A

catecholamines

124
Q

what NT is found in alzheimers (little serotinin)

A

indoleamines

125
Q

what binds to receptors and causes hallucinations

A

mescaline

126
Q

what last few ms’s.local graded depolarization if threshold-> AP. dendrite and neuron cell body

A

excitatory

127
Q

IPSP; local hyperpolarization, usually on cell body

A

inhibitory

128
Q

PSP’s add together to stimulate an AP

A

Summation

129
Q

multiple AP’s from separate neurons arrive simultaneiously at same postsynaptic neuron. Large # stimulated

A

spatial

130
Q

2+ AP’s arrive at postsynaptic cell. rapid fire, not finish

A

temporal

131
Q

simple pathway

A

serial

132
Q

input travels along 1 pathway to specific destinatioin. 1 neuron stimulates the next and so on

A

serial

133
Q

spinal reflex. reflux= rapid, automatic response to stimuli. spinal reflex. receptor, sensory neuron, CNS integration, motor neuron, effector. all or nothing

A

serial

134
Q

more complex pathway

A

parallel

135
Q

input travels along several pathways integrated in different CNS regioins

A

parallel

136
Q

what pathway process a lot information more quickly. triggers unique pathways. same stimulus with many responses. important for higher level intellect

A

parallel

137
Q

ACh is released from

A

receptors

138
Q

ACh-> acetic acid +….

A

choline

139
Q

what does MAO do

A

enzymes breaks down

Human Structure and Function I (24 decks)

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