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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 14 Part 2&3 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Part 2&3 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory info is transmitted via

A

AP’s along sensory pathways (tracts) to the brain

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2
Q

if spinal cord is involved in the sensory pathway=

A

ascending spinal pathways

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3
Q

each ascending pathway has

A

specific modalities

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4
Q

what are modalities

A

types of info transmitted

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5
Q

4 sensory pathways

A

anterolateral system
dorsal-column/medial lemniscal system
trigeminothalamic tract
spinocerebellar tracts

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6
Q

what does the anterolateral system convey

A

cutaneous sensory info

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7
Q

conscious perception of pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle and itch sensations to thalamus- cerebral cortex

A

spinothalamic tract

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8
Q

peripheral receptors to cerebral cortex via 3 neuron sequence which are

A

primary
secondary
tertiary neuron

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9
Q

what neuron sequence is for dorsal root ganglion

A

primary neuron

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10
Q

what neuron sequence is for dorsal horn of spinal cord and synapse with interneurons

A

secondary neuron

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11
Q

what neuron sequence is the thalamus and relay to somatosensory cortex (perception)

A

tertiary

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12
Q

pain to reticular formation, thalamus

A

spinoreticular tract

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13
Q

pain and touch to midbrain area (superior colliculi) turn head in direction of cutaneous stimulation

A

spinomesencephalic tract

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14
Q

what carries sensation of 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration

A

dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system

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15
Q

dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system pathway as passes through

A

brainstream

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16
Q

dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system divides into 2 tracts based on

A

stimulus source

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17
Q

upper 1/2 body is

A

fasciculus cuneatus

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18
Q

lower 1/2 of the body is

A

fasciculus gracilis

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19
Q

primary neuron in dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system

A

dorsal root ganglion

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20
Q

secondary neuron in dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system

A

medulla oblongata

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21
Q

tertiary neuron in dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system

A

thalamus

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22
Q

where does the thalamus relay info too

A

somatosensory cortex

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23
Q

dorsal-column/ medial-lemniscal system gets info from

A

joints, tendons, and muscles

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24
Q

what carries 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration

A

trigeminothalamic tract

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25
Q

what does the trigeminothalamic tract detect

A

pain, temp from face, nasal cavity, oral cavity and teeth

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26
Q

trigeminothalamic tract is afferent for what cranial nerve

A

CNV

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27
Q

trigeminothalamic tract is tactile afferent ear and tongue via what cranial nerves

A

CN VII, IX, X

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28
Q

what carried proprioceptive info to cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar tract

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29
Q

anterior tract from spinocerebellar tract=

A

info from lower trunk and limbs

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30
Q

posterior tract from spinocerebellar tract

A

info from upper body in thoracic and upper lumbar regions

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31
Q

primary neuron for spinocerebellar tract of the posterior tract is

A

dorsal root ganglion

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32
Q

secondary neuron for spinocerebellar tract of the posterior tract is

A

dorsal horn of spinal cord

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33
Q

what does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord do

A

synapase with interneurons

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34
Q

tertiary neuron for spinocerebellar tract of posterior tract is

A

cerebellum

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35
Q

sensation of unpleasant and complex perceptual and emotional experiences that trigger autonomic, psychological and somatic motor responses

A

pain

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36
Q

the homunculus has what kind of info

A

sensory and motor

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37
Q

homunculus sensory=

A

topographic representation of body parts along postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

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38
Q

homunculus motor=

A

topographic representation of body parts along precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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39
Q

correlation for homunculus sensory

A

various region size (primary somatosensory cortex) to # of sensory receptor in that body area

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40
Q

correlation for homunculus motor

A

various region size (primary motor cortex) to # motor units in that body

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41
Q

intensely personal experience=

A

cannot be measured objectively

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42
Q

intensity, but tolerance varies. low pain tolerance vs high is determined by our

A

genes

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43
Q

how are receptors of pain activated

A

by xs pressure, temp, and chemicals released from injured tissue

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44
Q

pain reducing analgesic system

A

brain

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45
Q

endogenous opiods are

A

endorphins and enkephalins

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46
Q

what are inhibitory neurotransmitters †hat queel pain signals from nociceptors

A

enkephalins

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47
Q

act as a warning of actual or impending tissue damage, motivates us to take protective action

A

acute pain

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48
Q

2 components of pain

A
  1. rapidly conducted AP carried by large diameter myelinated axons-> well localized cutting pain
  2. more slowly propagated AP’s carried by smaller, less heavily myelinated axons, resulting in diffuse burning pain
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49
Q

what is visceral pain

A

Noxious stimulation of Thoracic & Abdominal Receptors = Vague, Dull Ache, Gnaw, Burning sensation

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50
Q

Sensation is long lasting, can be Decreased via Rubbing area around injury, Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TENS), Acupuncture, Massage & Exercise

A

chronic pain

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51
Q

Pain relieving Meds reduce inflammation & activation of Peripheral nerves, Others block transmissions of pain sensation in Spinal cord in Ascending pathways.

A

anaalgesics

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52
Q

Painful Sensation in a Region of the body that is NOT the source of the Pain Stimulus & Painful Sensation in a Region of the body that is NOT the source of the Pain Stimulus

A

referred pain

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53
Q

in referred pain both areas are innervated by what, and project to same what area

A

neurons
cerebral cortex area

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54
Q

The Brain cannot discern between the 2 sources of painful stimuli & Pain sensation

A

refers to most superficial structures innervated by converging neurons

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55
Q

what helps to ID actual cause of a Painful Stimulus

A

referred pain

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56
Q

Myocardial Infarction =

A

Perceived as Jaw or Left arm pain as T1-T5 spinal segments innervate both areas.

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57
Q

gall bladder=

A

RUQ & R shoulder

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58
Q

Pancreatitis=

A

RUQ, LUQ, Radiates to back, also Epigastric area, as is Stomach (GERD).

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59
Q

Occurs subsequent to Amputation of Appendages

A

phantom pain

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60
Q

Pain perception is projected to what in phantom pain

A

sensory receptor site, despite sensory receptors are no longer present

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61
Q

lack of what in phantom pain

A

Lack of Touch, Pressure, Proprioception from Amputated Limb.

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62
Q

When limb Amputated, inhibitory effect of sensory info is removed, this Phantom pain intensity increases

A

hyperalgesia

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63
Q

what retains image of amputated body part

A

cerebral cortex

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64
Q

GENERAL ANESTHESIA ONLY=

A

Spinal cord still had Pain from Amputation.

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65
Q

USE EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA =

A

Block neurotransmission in Spinal cord (Now use during Sx) = Significant reduction of Phantom Limb Pain incidence.

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66
Q

voluntary movements=

A

dependent on upper and lower motor neurons

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67
Q

upper motor neurons (UMN)=

A

Connect Cerebral Cortex to LMN via Interneurons & Cell bodies are in Cerebral cortex

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68
Q

lower motor neurons (LMN)=

A

Connect UMN to Skeletal muscles & Cell bodies are in Spinal Cord Gray matter & CN nuclei of Brainstem

69
Q

what are motor pathways

A

tracts are descending pathways from cerebrum or cerebellum to brainstem or spinal cord

70
Q

what do motor pathways carry

A

AP’s along axons that originate in UMN

71
Q

2 groups of motor pathways

A

direct and indirect

72
Q

pyramidal system

A

direct

73
Q

extrapyramidal

A

indirect

74
Q

what do direct pathways do

A

maintain muscle tone and control speed and skilled movement precision

75
Q

2 major tracts of direct pathway

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

76
Q

Involved in direct cortical control of movements BELOW the head
Damage  Reduced muscle tone, Clumsy & Weak

A

corticospinal

77
Q

Involved in direct cortical control of movements IN Head & Neck
Damage  Spasticity, Clonus (Rhythmic Muscle contractions), Hyperreflexia & Babinski sign

A

corticobulbar

78
Q

Less precise control over Motor functions, especially those associated with
Overall Body coordination & Cerebellar Function (Posture)
Many interconnections & Feedback Loops exist in this system

A

indirect pathway

79
Q

4 major tracts in indirect pathways

A

rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinall
tectospinal

80
Q

rubrospinal regulates what

A

Regulates fine motor control in Distal Upper limb muscles

81
Q

Vestibulospinal maintains

A

upright posture

82
Q

Reticulospinal maintains

A

posture by Controlling Trunk & Proximal Upper & Lower Limb muscles with certain movements

83
Q

Tectospinal controls

A

Reflex movement of Head to Bright Lights, Noises & Rapid Movement

84
Q

what Regulates motor activities: Planning, Organizing, Coordinating Motor Movements & Posture

A

basal ganglia

85
Q

feedback loop for basal ganglia

A

connect basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral cortex

86
Q

stimulatory circuits facilitate

A

muscle activity

87
Q

inhibitory circuits facilitate

A

stimulatory circuits by inhibition of muscle activity in antagonistic muscles & also decreased muscle tone when head, body, limbs at rest

88
Q

what regulates motor activities

A

cerebellum

89
Q

3 parts of cerebellum that regulate motor activities

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

90
Q

Vestibulocerebellum does what

A

maintains muscle tone in postural muscles, corodinates eye movement and controls balance

91
Q

Spinocerebellum does what

A

maintains fine motor coordination with simple movements

92
Q

Cerebrocerebellum does what

A

plan and practices rapid, complex motor actions that require coordination and training. also cognitive functions

93
Q

dysfunction in basal ganglia results in

A

increased muscle tone
exaggerated, uncontrolled movements at rest
resting tremor

94
Q

dysfunction in cerebellar results in

A

decreased muscle tone, balance issues
overshoot when reach for object
intentional tremor

95
Q

higher brain functions include

A

speech
mathematical and artistic abilities
sleep
memory
emotions
judgement

96
Q

where is speech located

A

left cerebral cortex

97
Q

2 major cortical areas involved and are connected by

A

neuron bundle

98
Q

sensroy speech area

A

wernicke area

99
Q

where is wernicke area

A

parietal lobe

100
Q

what is wernicke are responsible for

A

understanding and formulating coherent speech

101
Q

motor speech area

A

broca’s area

102
Q

where is broca’s area

A

inferior frontal lobe

103
Q

what does broca’s area initiate

A

complex movement used for speech

104
Q

damage to broca’s area results in

A

speech is ok, nonsense language and difficulty understanding

105
Q

what is aphasia

A

loss of language abilities due to damage in specific area

106
Q

AP’s from eyes where word is seen and the word recognize in visual association area

A

visual cortex

107
Q

signal representing word is understood

A

wernicke area

108
Q

AP’s representing word are conducted through associatioin fibers that connect the 2 areas. formulates the word as it is spoken

A

Broca’s area

109
Q

AP’s propagated to premotor area, where movements are programmed. finally, sent to blank where proper movements are triggered

A

primary motor cortex

110
Q

what is the sequene of events to speak a word you read

A

visual cortex
wernicke area
brocas area
primary motor cortex

111
Q

what is the sequence of events to repeat a word that is heard

A

primary auditory cortex
wernicke area
brocas area
primary motor cortex

112
Q

info from ears to blank goes to auditory association area, where word is recognized

A

primary auditory cortex

113
Q

signal representing word is understood

A

wernicke area

114
Q

AP’s representing word are conducted through assocation fibers that connect the 2 areas and formulated the word as it is spoken

A

brocas area

115
Q

signal goes to premotor area, then to

A

primary motor complex

116
Q

received sensory info from left side of the body

A

right cerebral cortex

117
Q

received sensory info from right side of body

A

left cerebral cortex

118
Q

sensory info is shared between hemispheres via

A

commissure

119
Q

what skills does the left hemisphere have

A

analytical
logic
language

120
Q

what does the right hemisphere do

A

spatial perception
facial recognition
creativity
intuition
artistic and musical ability
body language

121
Q

what is consciousness

A

voluntary initiation and control movement

122
Q

consciousness has capactities associated with

A

higher mental processing

123
Q

what does consciousness involve

A

simulataneous activity of large areas of cerebral cortex

124
Q

what is holistic and interconnected

A

consciousness

125
Q

in consciousness, information is gathered from

A

multiple locations in the cerebrum simultaneously

126
Q

what are the levels of consciousness

A

alert
drowsy/lethargic
stupor
coma

127
Q

signal of brain impairment

A

unconsciousness

128
Q

brief loss=

A

fainting or syncope

129
Q

fainting and syncope is usually due to

A

inadequate blood flow in the cerebrum , typically from low BP

130
Q

state of unchanged consciousness or partial unconscious, can arouse by stimulation

A

sleep

131
Q

able to arouse by stimulation

A

sleep

132
Q

what wakes us up immediately

A

a strong stimulus

133
Q

wake up chemicals secreted by hypothalamus is

A

orexins

134
Q

sleep requirements
newborn
teens
adults
elderly

A

newborn: 16 hours
teens: 8-10
adults : 7.5- 8.5
less in elderly

135
Q

nonrapid eye movement. 4 stages in 1st 30-45 minutes of sleep

A

NREM

136
Q

frequency of brain waves and vs decrease, nightmares, and night terrors

A

NREM

137
Q

90 minutes (erectiion, enlarged clitoris)

A

REM

138
Q

irregular EEG, high body temp, HR, RR, BP, decreased GI motility.
high 02 use; limp
dream

A

REM

139
Q

prolonged unresponsiveness to stimuli

A

coma

140
Q

is oxygen always below normal levels rest in coma

A

always below normal levels

141
Q

brain active and oxygen consumption is similar to being awake

A

sleep

142
Q

causative factors for coma

A

blows to head
tumor or infection
metabolic issues; hypoglycemia
drug OD
liver or kidney failure

143
Q

irreparable damage to brain, which induces irreversible coma
need to prove legally if alive or dead
life support removed if no brain activity

A

brain death

144
Q

different levels of consiousness =

A

different patterns of electrical activity in the brain

145
Q

electrodes on scalp record brain’s electrical activity
detect simultaneous AP’s in large #’s of neurons
displays wave-like patterns of electrical activity= brain waves

A

EEG

146
Q

produced continuously, intensity and frequency differ based on state of activity, age, brain disease and chemical state of body

A

brain waves

147
Q

awake, quiet at rest with eyes closed, calm and relaxed

A

alpha waves

148
Q

higher frequency, seen with intense mental activity, concentration

A

beta waves

149
Q

in kids, frustrated adults, brain disorder

A

theta waves

150
Q

in infants. severe brain disorders, deep sleep, anesthesia

A

delta waves

151
Q

what do abnormal EEG diagnose

A

epilespy, sleep disorders, research brain function

152
Q

what type of seizure is mild, go blank for few seconds, kids. resolves by age 10

A

absence

153
Q

what type of seizure is severe, convulsion, aura, lose bowel and bladder control

A

tonic-clonic

154
Q

when seizures are uncontrolled=

A

no other messages can get through

155
Q

what is strong, fast moving electrical discharges by groups of brain neurons

A

seizures

156
Q

not get necessary amount or quality of sleep
vary 4-9
chronic problem
use hypnotics to sleep
due to jet lag, anxiety and xs caffeine

A

insomnia

157
Q

involuntary sleep during daytime
onset without warning
pleasureable event, not control REM circuits
danger with driving, swimming, less orexins

A

narcopelsyy

158
Q

treatment for narcolepsy

A

stimulants and antidepressants

159
Q

sudden loss of voluntary muscle control, fully conscious, but unable to move
triggered by strong emotions or laughter

A

cataplexy

160
Q

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
awaken suddenyl due to hypoxia
obstructive

A

sleep apnea

161
Q

storage and retrieval of previous experiences

A

memory

162
Q

fleeting memory of continual event
working memory
7-8 chunks of info

A

short term memory

163
Q

limitless capacity (decrease w age)

A

long term memory

164
Q

consolidation is

A

transfer of info from STM to LTM

165
Q

change STM bank-

A

emotional state, rehearsal, association, automatic memory

166
Q

4 types of memory

A

declarative
procedural
motor
emotional

167
Q

here and now only. not associate new inputs with old

A

anterograde amnesia

168
Q

distant memory lost

A

retrograde

Human Structure and Function I (28 decks)

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