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Human Structure and Function I > chapter 16 > Flashcards

chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system is part of the

A

motor division of the PNS

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2
Q

subdivisions of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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3
Q

what does the autonomic NS do

A

maintains homeostasis by regulating unconscious activity: smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

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4
Q

constant response to change

A

ANS shunts blood to needy areas, increase or decrease HR, adjusts BP and temp and increases or decreases stomach secretions & role in sexual arousal and urinary functions

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5
Q

how many neurons are in somatic motor neurons

A

1

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6
Q

cell body is located in what division of the NS

A

CNS

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7
Q

the axon extends from CNS to

A

skeletal muscle

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8
Q

neurotransmitter in somatic motor neurons=

A

acetylcholine and always excitatory

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9
Q

autonomic motor neurons (how many)

A

2

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10
Q

what are the two types of autonomic neurons

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

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11
Q

1st neuron in the series of autonomic motor

A

preganglionic

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12
Q

in the preganglionic neuron the axon extends to

A

autonomic ganglion and synapses with postganglionic neurons

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13
Q

whats the neurotransmitter in the preganglionic neuron

A

Ach

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14
Q

whats the second neuron in the series

A

postganglionic neuron

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15
Q

cell body is where in the postganglionic neuron

A

autonomic ganglion in the pns

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16
Q

the synapse area of the postganglionic neuron contains

A

cell bodies of motor neurons

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17
Q

the axon of the postganglionic neuron extends to

A

effector and synapse with target tissues

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18
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

both the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervate the same

A

visceral organs

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20
Q

innervating the same visceral organs=

A

opposite effects

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21
Q

one stimulates and the other does what in ANS

A

inhibits

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22
Q

fight or flight, activates when increased physical activity or stress

A

sympathetic

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23
Q

rest and digest, activates when at rest

A

parasympathetic

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24
Q

what is the third subdivision of ANS

A

enteric

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25
Q

complex network of neuron cell bodies and axons within digestive tract walls

A

enteric

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26
Q

life threatening sitation would cause

A

fight or flight response

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27
Q

where is fight or flight response

A

thoracolumbar division of spinal cord (T1-L2), short preganglionic fibers

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28
Q

rapid hr/ force of contraction, elevated/deep RR, dry mouth, cold/sweaty skin, dilated pupils, sexual activity, reduces nonessential activity

A

fight or flight

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29
Q

2 types of sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic chain ganglia
collateral ganglia

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30
Q

shunting of blood to skeletal muscles and heart

A

fight or flight

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31
Q

fight or flight dilates bronchioles which

A

increases oxygen delivery to cells

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32
Q

fight or flight stimulates liver to release

A

glucose into blood

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33
Q

what is part of the e division

A

exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassed

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34
Q

where is sympathetic chain ganglia located

A

L and R sides of vertebrae

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35
Q

what else is the sympathetic chain ganglia also called

A

paravertebral ganglia

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36
Q

what does the sympathetic chain ganglia exit via (4)

A

spinal nerves
sympathetic nerves
splanchnic nerves
adrenal gland medulla

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37
Q

to skin and skeletal muscles bvs

A

spinal nerves

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38
Q

to thoracic cavity

A

sympathetic nerves

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39
Q

sympathetic to collateral to effectors

A

splanchnic nerves

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40
Q

pass thru ganglia, synapse in medulla

A

adrenal gland medulla

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41
Q

unpaired ganglia in abdominopelvic cavity also called prevertebral ganglia

A

coollateral ganglia

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42
Q

thorocolumbar division of spinal cord, short preganglionic fibers is what division

A

sympathetic division

43
Q

craniosacral divison of spinal cord is what divisioin

A

parasympathetic

44
Q

does the parasympathetic division have short or long preganglionic fibres

45
Q

what maintenance activities does the parasympathetic divison have

A

urination, defecation, digest food, lacrimal and salivary gland secretion

46
Q

is there maximal or minimal body energy used in para

47
Q

what does the para divison conserve and store

48
Q

d divisoin in para includes

A

digestion, diuresis, defecation

49
Q

nerve plexuses in digestive tract wall (visceral) is what division

50
Q

3 sources for enteric is

A
  1. sensory neurons from digestive tract to CNS
  2. ANS motor neurons connect CNS to digestive tract
  3. enteric neurons in enteric plexuses
51
Q

what detects changes in chemical contents of digestion or detect stretch of digestive tract wall

A

enteric sensory neurons

52
Q

connect sensory to motor in enertic division is

A

enteric interneurons

53
Q

what neuron secretes ACh

A

cholinergic

54
Q

where does cholinergic neurons secrete ACh from

A

ALL ANS preganglionic axons
all parasympathetic postganflionic axons
postganglionic axon innervating eccrine sweat glands

55
Q

what neuron secretes NE

A

andrenergic

56
Q

where does andrenogic neuron secrete NE from

A

most postganglionic sympathetic axons

57
Q

what do cholinergic receptors and the ACh bind

A

nicotine receptors
muscarinic receptors

58
Q

what do adrenergic receptors and both NE and epinephrine binds

A

alpha and beta receptors

59
Q

PM of all postganglionic neurons is what receptor

A

nicotine receptor

60
Q

Sarcolemma of Skeletal Muscle Cells in what and
is what receptor

A

NM Junction (somatic)
nicotine

61
Q

PM of Adrenal Medulla Hormone producing what? in what receptor

A

cells
nicotine

62
Q

what receptor is always excitatory

63
Q

what responds to mushroom posion

A

muscarinic receptors

64
Q

PM of Effector Cells where ACh released from Postganglionic Neurons is what receptor

A

muscarinic

65
Q

when Binds to Cardiac muscle =

A

inhibitory

66
Q

when Binds to Stomach smooth muscle cells =

A

excitatory

67
Q

PM of Effectors innervated by what and what receptor

A

sympathetic ns
adrenergic

68
Q

Stimulate Directly by NS in Synapse or by Adrenal Gland release into blood, bind to receptors on PM of cells

A

NOT involved with Synapses

69
Q

are adrenergic receptors excitatory or inhibitory

70
Q

subtypes of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2
beta 3

71
Q

= BV’s & Sympathetic Target organs.
Constricts BV, Dilates Pupils

72
Q

Heart, Kidneys; Increase HR, Release Renin / Increase BP

73
Q

Pancreas, Platelets; Inhibits Insulin release, Blood clotting

74
Q

Adipose; Stimulates Lipolysis

75
Q

Lungs, Sympathetic target Organs, Dilates BV & Bronchioles

76
Q

4 functional generalizations of ANS

A

Stimulatory vs Inhibitory Effects
Opposite Effects
Cooperative Effects
General vs Localized Effects

77
Q

Work together = PNS initiates Penile erection SNS stimulates Semen secretion & initiates ejaculation

A

Cooperative Effects

78
Q

Dual Innervation. Increased or Decreased Activity

A

Opposite Effects

79
Q

SNS (Activity) vs PNS (Rest); BOTH

A

Stimulatory vs Inhibitory Effects

80
Q

several areas of body involved

81
Q

Only specific body region

82
Q

= More general effect, Secretion of Epi & NE Stimulates effectors throughout the body

A

sympathetic

83
Q

elevated BP

A

hypertension

84
Q

hypertension is due too and is a response too

A

overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor and is a response to a continuous high levels of stress

85
Q

treatment for hypertension

A

Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Drugs (Metoprolol) (Blocks SNS effects on CV System)

86
Q

hypertension is serious as forces heart to work harder and causes

A

heart decrease and increases wear and tear on arterial walls

87
Q

what age does raynauds affect

A

15-30 females

88
Q

raynauds is shunting of blood into

89
Q

what does raynauds cause in skin

A

turns red, white, blue

90
Q

how is raynauds provoked

A

cold or emotional stress

91
Q

raynauds leads to pain and may cause

A

ischemia and gangrene

92
Q

how do you treat raynauds

A

avoid cold
quit smoking
caffeine
vasodilators
calcium channel blockers

93
Q

what is reflex sympathetic dystrophy

A

chronic condition charactertized by severe burning pain

94
Q

what does RDSD usually affect

A

extremitities

95
Q

does RSDS affect women or men more

A

women and sometimes kids

96
Q

usually what age does RSDS affect

97
Q

what are pathological changes in bone and skin for RSDS

A

xs sweating
xs sensitivity to touch
change in skin temp
change in color
change in skin texture
change in nail and hair growth
tissue swelling and stiffness
motor disability

98
Q

causes for RSDS

A

unknown etiology
could be due to SNS dysfunction

99
Q

when does RSDS usually occur

A

post-truama to extremities

100
Q

what is RSDS triggered by

A

sprain, fracture, surgery, damage to bs and nerve
stroke or myocardial infarcation

101
Q

is there a cure for RSDS

102
Q

treatment for RSDS

A

Physical Therapy /Psychotherapy
Medications - OTC Analgesia, Anesthetic Creams, Antidepressants, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-seizure, Nasal Spray (Bone loss)
Corticosteroids, Opioids (Morphine pump)
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Unit,
Nerve Block Injections
Surgery (Sympathectomy)

103
Q

what happens without treatment for RSDS

A

permanent deformity
chronic pain and psychological issues

Human Structure and Function I (28 decks)

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