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Human Structure and Function I > chapter 15- vision > Flashcards

chapter 15- vision Flashcards

1
Q

what is apart of the visual system

A

eyes
accessory structures
optic nerve
tract
pathways

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2
Q

3 roles for the visual sytem

A

sight
eye movement
provide info for pastural and limb control

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3
Q

stimulus may be billions of miles away and still be detected

A

visual stimuli

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4
Q

info regarding light vs dark, movement and color

A

visual input

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5
Q

pathway for how eyes respond to light

A

initiate afferent AP-> optic nerves-> optic chiasma-> optic tracts to brain

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6
Q

how many pathways does the visual association area have and what are they

A

2
ventral & dorsal path

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7
Q

ventral path is where in the brain

A

temporal visual cortex

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8
Q

dorsal path is where in the brain

A

parietal virtual cortex

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9
Q

ventral path asks what question

A

what

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10
Q

dorsal path asks what questions

A

where

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11
Q

what does the frontal eye field do

A

interpret location of objects

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12
Q

7 bones surround eyeball and adipose tissues as well (posterior)

A

eye orbit bones

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13
Q

hair superior to eye orbit. prevent perspiration from running into eyes and irritating, it also shades from direct sunlight

A

eyebrows

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14
Q

palpebrae; works with eyelashes to protect from foreign objects, lubricates eye, regulates light entering eye, rapid blinking (25x/minute)

A

eyelids

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15
Q

what muscle opens eye

A

levator palpebrae

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16
Q

what muscle closes eyelid

A

orbicularis oculi

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17
Q

space between 2 open eyelids

A

palpebrae fissue

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18
Q

angle- join medial/lateral margin= blank= modified sebaceous/ sweat glands

A

canthus

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19
Q

5 layers

A

skin, areolar CT, skeletal muscles, tarsal plate (dense CT), and papebral conjunctiva

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20
Q

what forms shape of eyelid

A

tarsal plate

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21
Q

what lines inner eyelid

A

palpebral conjunctiva

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22
Q

2-3 layers of hair at free edge of eyelid
brush away dust/ foreign objects from eye

A

eyelashes

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23
Q

sweat glands that lubricates eyelash follicles

A

ciliary glands

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24
Q

gland inflammation at base of eyelash, usually bacterial infection, pain

A

stye

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25
Q

tarsal=sebaceous glands at inner margins of eyelids
sebum lubricates tears and restrains tears from flowing over eyelid margi. airtight

A

meibomian glands

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26
Q

meibomian cyst is

A

chalazion

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27
Q

chalazion=meibomian=

A

infection/ blockage of oil gland

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28
Q

is there pain in chalazion

A

lack pain

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29
Q

treatment for chalazion

A

warm compresses for 10-15 min/ 3-4 time a day
massage
antibiotics
I&D
steroid injection
opthalmologist

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30
Q

thin, transparent mucous membrane on eyelid, surface of eye, lubricate eye

A

conjunctiva

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31
Q

cover inner eyelid

A

palpebral conjunctiva

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32
Q

covers anterior white surface of the eye

A

bulbar conjuctiva

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33
Q

inflammation of conjuctiva

A

conjuctivitis

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34
Q

inflammation of conjuctiva=

A

pinkeye

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35
Q

is pinkeye contagious

A

yes

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36
Q

causes for conjunctivitis

A

bacterial
viral
allergic
foreign body or chemical splash

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37
Q

S&S for conjunctivitis

A

redness, itchy, gritty, discharge with crust, tearing, photophobia

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38
Q

treatment for conjunctivitis

A

contacts out
compresses
antiinflammatory drops
decongestants
steroids
antivirals
antibiotic eye frops
pataday
artifiical tears

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39
Q

what is innervated by parasympathetic fibers of facial CN VII

A

lacrimal gland

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40
Q

role in eye protection

A

lacrimal apparatus

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41
Q

producing tears ->

A

lacrimal ducts and across anterior eye surface

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42
Q

lacrimal gland goes into

A

lacrimal sac and through nasolacrimal duct into nasal cavity

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43
Q

what moisturize eye surface, lubricate eyelids, wash away foreign body

A

lacrimal gland

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44
Q

what is tear composition

A

predominately H2O, salt, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulins

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45
Q

6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

superior, inferior, medial, lateral rectus
superior, inferior oblique

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46
Q

4 extrinsic eye muscles are controlled by? and what are they

A

oculomotor CNIII, SR,IR, MR, IO

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47
Q

1 extrinsic eye muscle are controlled by

A

abducens and trochlear

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48
Q

abducens controls what muscle

A

LR

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49
Q

trochlear controls what muscle

A

SO

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50
Q

hollow sphere filled with vitreous humor

A

eyeball

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51
Q

3 tunics comprise wall:

A

fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
nervous tunic

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52
Q

outer. sclera and cornea

A

fibrous

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53
Q

middle. choroid, cillary body and iris

A

vascular

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54
Q

inner. retina

A

nervous

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55
Q

white of the eye, posterior 5/6. firm, opaque tissue= dense CT with elasticity

maintains shape of eye, protects internal area, attachment for muscles

A

sclera

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56
Q

anterior, avascular, transparent structure, stratified squamous epithelium

inner surface is simple squamous. allows light into the eye. focuses

A

cornea

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57
Q

large collagen fibers= white, smaller with low H2O content= transparent

A

fibrous

58
Q

transplant for fibrous

A

EZ to access/remove. avascular, decreased immune activity

59
Q

middle tunic layer

A

vascular

60
Q

what does the vascular tunic contain

A

BV and melanin pigmanet cells

61
Q

order of arteries in vascular tunic

A

internal carotid artery
ophthalmic artery
short cililary arteries

62
Q

thin membrane

A

choroid

63
Q

ring and processes, attached to lens by suspensory ligaments

A

choroid body

64
Q

produce aqeous humor

A

ciliary processes

65
Q

what contains smooth muscles and act as a sphincter

A

choroid body

66
Q

contract to change shape of lens=

A

focus

67
Q

colored portion of eye

A

iris

68
Q

contracts pupil to regulate amount of light entering eye

A

iris

69
Q

outer muscle fibers-radial= dilate

A

dilator pupillae

70
Q

central muscle fibers-circular=constrict

A

sphincter papillae

71
Q

inner posterior eye. retina is what tunic layer

A

nervous

72
Q

3 neuronal layers are

A

ganglion, bipolar, photoreceptor cells

73
Q

pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium

A

outer pigmented layer

74
Q

responds to light
contains photoreceptors: 120 million RODS-low liht
6-7 million cones- bright light

A

inner neural layer

75
Q

rods is bright or low light

A

low light

76
Q

cones is bright or low light

A

bright light

77
Q

what do you use to examine retina

A

use ophthalmoscope

78
Q

small yellow spot, fovea centralis (center)- most focus (cones)
greatest visual acuity (direct vision)

A

macula lutea

79
Q

white spot, central retinal artery in and central retinal vein out of the eye
where optic nerve exists eye
no photoreceptors=blind spot

A

optic disc

80
Q

no photoreceptors=

A

blind spot

81
Q

nicking of retinal veins where abnormal pressure arteries cross over

A

hypertension

82
Q

assiciated with hydrocephalus

A

increased CSF pressure

83
Q

increased csf pressure may cause

A

optic disc to swell causing papilledema

84
Q

opque lens. not see well at night, halos around lights

A

cataracts

85
Q

how do you treat cataracts

A

surgically remove lens and replace with artificial lens

86
Q

cotton wool spots-opque fluffy white patches, due to ischemia in retinal nerve

A

diabetic retinopathy

87
Q

what are the eye chambers

A

anterior, posterior, virteous

88
Q

where is the anterior chamber of the eye

A

between cornea and iris

89
Q

what is the anterior chamber filled with

A

aqueous humor

90
Q

what does the aqueous humor maintain

A

intraocular pressure and eyeball shape

91
Q

condition where there is increased IOP

A

glaucoma

92
Q

what provides nutrition to avascular cornea

A

anterior chamber

93
Q

what is aqueous humor made by

A

ciliary processes, returned to circulation via scleral venous sinus

94
Q

where is the posterior chamber

A

between iris and lens

95
Q

what is the virteous chamber filled with

A

viteous humor

96
Q

what chamer maintains IOP, shape of eye, holds len and retina in place and has slow turnover

A

vitreous chamber

97
Q

what chamber helped with refraction of light

A

vitreous

98
Q

pathway in which the eye function

A

light converge-> cornea to aqueous humor thru pupil-> lens thru vitreous humor-> retina

99
Q

what does the retina contain

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones)

100
Q

what is an eye function

A

it converts light energy into AP and APs sent to brain along the optic nerve

101
Q

what is an accommodation

A

changes the shape of lens to focus on object close or distant

102
Q

focus in front of retina; see close, distance blurred

eye becomes too elongated; nearsighted; correct with concave lens to diverge light

A

myopia

103
Q

4-8 radiating cuts in cornea, cornea flattens, eliminates myopia
issues with visual acuity, glare

A

radial keratotomy

104
Q

laser procedure where thin part of cornea cut away to make cornea less convex. better results

A

LASIK

105
Q

focus behind the retina; see distance, close is blurred
eye becomes too short, lazy; farsighted; correct with convex lens to converge light

A

hyperopia

106
Q

old vision; unavoidable degeneration of accomodation of eye

A

presbyopia

107
Q

when does presbyopia start

A

mid 40s

108
Q

what causes presbyopia

A

if you read a lot

109
Q

how do you prevent presbyopia

A

use bifocals or prorgressive lenses if need to compensate for close or distant vision

110
Q

irregular bulge or cornea or lens

A

astigmatism

111
Q

light not focused on a singple point but instead is

A

blurred

112
Q

how do you correct astigmatism

A

glasses with opposite curve gradient

113
Q

if the astigmatism is irregular is it easy or hard to correct

A

hard

114
Q

color blindess is

A

color vision deficiency

115
Q

color blindness is a dysfunction of

A

1 or more of 3 photopigments in color vision

116
Q

if 1 pigment is dysfunctinal and the other two are ok what is it called

A

dichromatism

117
Q

dichromatism=

A

red-green color blindness

118
Q

ratio of males affected by color blindness

A

1 in 12 males

119
Q

ratio of females affected by color blindness

A

1 in 200

120
Q

color blindess is x linked recessive that affects

A

males

121
Q

are females carriers for color blindness

A

yes

122
Q

what chromosome is mutated in blue-yellow color blindess

A

chromosome 7

123
Q

monochromatism =

A

no color

124
Q

as we age what happens to color blindness

A

ability to distinquish colors degrades naturally as we proceed to old age

125
Q

color blindness is also due to

A

illness, physical or chemical damage to the eye, optic nerve, brain parts or med toxicity

126
Q

adaptation for light to dark

A

5 minutes to start, accomodate within 30 minutes

127
Q

adaptation for dark to light

A

(see white), 1 minute to start; accomodate in 5-10 minutes

128
Q

3D and depth perception is what

A

stereoscopic vision

129
Q

overlapped area in stereoscopic vision means

A

seen by both eyes at same time

130
Q

what does binocular vision give us

A

depth perception as 2 eyes from diffenet angles

131
Q

ability to see in low light conditions, impaired rod function; prolonged vitamin A deficiency causing degeneration. not function in dim light

A

night vision

132
Q

rabbits and pigeons have what kind of eyes and results in what

A

lateral w little overlap so less depth perception

133
Q

whats an emergency situation in the ey

A

retinal detachment

134
Q

what is retinal detachment

A

layers separate and virteous humor flows between them and that results in permanent blindness

135
Q

is there nutrition from bvs in retinal detachment

A

no

136
Q

causes of retinal detachment

A

traume, head jerk in opposite direction,
MVA: painless process

137
Q

risk factors for retinal detachment

A

> age 50, hx retinal detachment, FH of retinal detachment, xs myopia, prior eye surgert, eye disease

138
Q

dx for retinal detachment

A

retinal exam, ultrasound

139
Q

S&S for retinal detachment

A

sudden flashes of light, floaters, see spots, sensitive to light, blurred vision, unable to see dim light, temporary loss of vision in 1 eye, tunnel vision or visual loss

140
Q

treatment for retinal detachment

A

laser surgery, cryosurgery

Human Structure and Function I (28 decks)

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