Chapter 5 Flashcards
Integumentary System
the integumentary system consists of
skin and accessory structures which are hair, glands, and nails
what are some functions of the integumentary system
protection, barrier, keep microorganisms out, sensation, temp regulation, vitamin d production, calcium homeostasis, excretion of waste
what are the layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what is in the epidermis
it is the upper layer, stratified squamous ET, avascular, keratin, and rapid cell division
what is in the dermis layer
lower layer, dense irregular CT, true skin, vascular, glands, elasticity decreased with age
what is in hypodermmis
subcutaneous tissue, loose CT, not skin
What are most of cells, sloughed off, mitosis. A keratin protein. Resists friction/ abrasion and water loss. A waterproofer
keratinocytes
What produces melanin pigment, contributes to skin color, protects from damange from UV light, tanning
melanocytes
what has stationary macrophages and helps with the immune system
Langerhans cells
specialized cells with nerve endings. light touch and surface pressure
merkel cells
what are the epidermal layers
stratum corneum, lucidum, granuloum, spinosum, basale
whats the superficial epidermal layer
stratum corneum
what epidermal. layer is granulated up to 5 layers
stratum granulosum
what epidermal layer has 8-10 layers and appears shiny
stratum spinosum
what epidermal layer is the thin clear zone, found in thick skin
stratum lucidum
what epidermal layer is the basement membrane
stratum basale
what is 5 layers and seen in areas of increased friction often seen on palms and soles and sometimes fingertips
thick skin
what is 4 layers, missing stratum lucidum. seen in the rest of the body and overall is flexible
thin skin
what two things affect thick and thin skin
callus and corn
what is it called when the stratum corneum increases in thickness, more layers for added protection where more mechanical stress
callus
what is it called when it is seen in bony prominence area. apex area deep in epidermis. pain due to pressure
corn
what is found in skin, hair, eye color
melanin
what protects DNA from UV damage
melanin
what removes free radicals and boosts antioxidants
melanin
after melanocytes are produced, they are packaged into
vesicles called melanosomes
after the melanosomes, they move into what
cell processes of melanocytes
the tips of melanocyte cell processes are then what
phagocytized by keratinocytes
whats the amino acid that produces melanin
tyrosine
what color can pigments be
brown, black, yellow or red
the degree of melanin production is influenced by
light exposure and hormones
all humans are born with the same number of
melanocytes
what is eumelanin
brown and black skin, eyes, hair
what is pheomelanin
lips, nipples, pink parts of body
equal eu and pheo equals what
red hair
albino is a lack of
tyrosinase which does not produce melanin
what do albinos risk
vision loss and sun damage
yellow pigment in plants seen with increased consumption
carotene
what is a pinkish hue due to oxygenated pigment in RBCs which circulate through dermal capillaries
hemoglobin
lack of hemoglobin results in
pallor, stress, low BP, and anemia
what happens due to lack of oxygen
cyanosis
what increases due to sunburn, infectin, and allergic reactions. can also result in a heat flash
erythema
connective tissue and collagen fibers are most prevalent
dermis
what layer has fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
also BV, nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, lymph vesses, and smooth muscle
dermis
what are the two layers of the dermis
papillary and reticular
what layer of the dermis is thin and have upper loose CT and Meissner’s corpuscles and epidermal ridges
papillary
what layer of the dermis has deep, dense irregular CT and Pacinian Corpuscles, collagen and elastic
reticular
cleavage lines and stretch marks happen where
reticular
incision lines should go in what direction and why
parallel , so there is less gap/scar
what are stretch marks called
striae
what is responsible for grip and friction within the papillary layer
epidermal ridges
what responds to light touch
meissner’s corpuscles
what responds to change/ variation in pressure
pacinian corpuscles
whats immediately below the skin
subcutaneous tissue
is subcutaneous tissue considered skin
no
deep to skin and is the area of attachment from skin to underlying bone and muscle
hypodermis
what provides skin with blood vessels and nerves
subcutaneous tissue
whats loose CT with collagen and elastic fibers and is an energy source but not the first choice
subcutaneous
is the amount of subcutaneous tissue variable
yes especially in females
3 types of injections
intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular
what provides local anesthetics, sensitive- allergy and TB skin test and done at a shallow angle
intradermal
what injection provides insulin, opioids, allergy meds and is a short needle
subcutaneous
what injection goes in the muscle at a 90 degree angle and is a long needle used for vaccine and rabies
intramuscular
what are flexible dead protein strands and is everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples, external genitalia, distal fingers and toes
hair (pili)
3 layers of hair
medulla, cortex, cuticle
what are goosebumps called
arrector pili
what are clear coated area on dorsal distal region of digits
nails
what aids in grasping small things, itching
nails
2 types of sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine
what gland is sweat that cools body
eccrine
what glad is in axillae and anogenital region
apocrine
what gland is responsible for oil onto hair and soften and lubricates skin
sebaceous
women, lactation gland
mammary
what gland produces earwax and acts as an insect repellant
ceruminous
what is tissue damage due to xs heat, electricity radiation or chemicals
burns
what happens during burns
lose body fluids, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, renal shutdown and circulatory shock
what does the rule of 9’s do
determine the amount of loss with 11 areas with parallel areas
entire head and neck is what percentage
4.5 and 4.5 so 9
entire right arm percentage
9
entire left arm percentage
9
entire trunk percentage
18 and 18 so 36
groin percentage
1
entire right leg percentage
18
entire left leg percentage
18
partial thickness burns would be
1st degree and 2nd degree
full thickness burns would be
3rd and 4th degree
what burn is only epidermis with local redness
1st
what burn is epidermis and upper dermis with red, pain, edema
2nd
what burn goes onto epidermis, dermis, and into hypothermis and has no pain and skin graft is necessary
3rd
what burn is very severe and deeper than subcutaneous and may require amputation
4th
rinse cold water until pain stops, pat dry, clean burn, ointment to keep moist and bandage is a treatment for what degree of burn
2nd
aloe, topical analgesics, NSAID, ice, and moisturizer is treatment for what degree of burn
1st
hospital, clean, debride, iv fluids, abx, silvadene cream, skin graft is treatment for what degree of burn
3rd
hospital, surgery or skin graft amputation and lengthy rehab is treatment for what degree of burns
4th
3 types of skin cancer
basal, squamous, and melanoma
what skin cancer is the least malignant and very common
BCC
what skin cancer is the stratum basale altered, and proliferates into dermis and hypodermis on face
BCC
what skin cancer is shiny and has a central ulcer with pearly edge and grows slow
bcc