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Human Structure and Function I > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Integumentary System

1
Q

the integumentary system consists of

A

skin and accessory structures which are hair, glands, and nails

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2
Q

what are some functions of the integumentary system

A

protection, barrier, keep microorganisms out, sensation, temp regulation, vitamin d production, calcium homeostasis, excretion of waste

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3
Q

what are the layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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4
Q

what is in the epidermis

A

it is the upper layer, stratified squamous ET, avascular, keratin, and rapid cell division

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5
Q

what is in the dermis layer

A

lower layer, dense irregular CT, true skin, vascular, glands, elasticity decreased with age

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6
Q

what is in hypodermmis

A

subcutaneous tissue, loose CT, not skin

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7
Q

What are most of cells, sloughed off, mitosis. A keratin protein. Resists friction/ abrasion and water loss. A waterproofer

A

keratinocytes

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8
Q

What produces melanin pigment, contributes to skin color, protects from damange from UV light, tanning

A

melanocytes

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9
Q

what has stationary macrophages and helps with the immune system

A

Langerhans cells

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10
Q

specialized cells with nerve endings. light touch and surface pressure

A

merkel cells

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11
Q

what are the epidermal layers

A

stratum corneum, lucidum, granuloum, spinosum, basale

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12
Q

whats the superficial epidermal layer

A

stratum corneum

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13
Q

what epidermal. layer is granulated up to 5 layers

A

stratum granulosum

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14
Q

what epidermal layer has 8-10 layers and appears shiny

A

stratum spinosum

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15
Q

what epidermal layer is the thin clear zone, found in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

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16
Q

what epidermal layer is the basement membrane

A

stratum basale

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17
Q

what is 5 layers and seen in areas of increased friction often seen on palms and soles and sometimes fingertips

A

thick skin

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18
Q

what is 4 layers, missing stratum lucidum. seen in the rest of the body and overall is flexible

A

thin skin

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19
Q

what two things affect thick and thin skin

A

callus and corn

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20
Q

what is it called when the stratum corneum increases in thickness, more layers for added protection where more mechanical stress

A

callus

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21
Q

what is it called when it is seen in bony prominence area. apex area deep in epidermis. pain due to pressure

A

corn

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22
Q

what is found in skin, hair, eye color

A

melanin

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23
Q

what protects DNA from UV damage

A

melanin

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24
Q

what removes free radicals and boosts antioxidants

A

melanin

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25
Q

after melanocytes are produced, they are packaged into

A

vesicles called melanosomes

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26
Q

after the melanosomes, they move into what

A

cell processes of melanocytes

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27
Q

the tips of melanocyte cell processes are then what

A

phagocytized by keratinocytes

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28
Q

whats the amino acid that produces melanin

A

tyrosine

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29
Q

what color can pigments be

A

brown, black, yellow or red

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30
Q

the degree of melanin production is influenced by

A

light exposure and hormones

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31
Q

all humans are born with the same number of

A

melanocytes

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32
Q

what is eumelanin

A

brown and black skin, eyes, hair

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33
Q

what is pheomelanin

A

lips, nipples, pink parts of body

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34
Q

equal eu and pheo equals what

A

red hair

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35
Q

albino is a lack of

A

tyrosinase which does not produce melanin

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36
Q

what do albinos risk

A

vision loss and sun damage

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37
Q

yellow pigment in plants seen with increased consumption

A

carotene

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38
Q

what is a pinkish hue due to oxygenated pigment in RBCs which circulate through dermal capillaries

A

hemoglobin

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39
Q

lack of hemoglobin results in

A

pallor, stress, low BP, and anemia

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40
Q

what happens due to lack of oxygen

A

cyanosis

41
Q

what increases due to sunburn, infectin, and allergic reactions. can also result in a heat flash

A

erythema

42
Q

connective tissue and collagen fibers are most prevalent

A

dermis

43
Q

what layer has fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
also BV, nerve endings, hair follicles, glands, lymph vesses, and smooth muscle

A

dermis

44
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

45
Q

what layer of the dermis is thin and have upper loose CT and Meissner’s corpuscles and epidermal ridges

A

papillary

46
Q

what layer of the dermis has deep, dense irregular CT and Pacinian Corpuscles, collagen and elastic

A

reticular

47
Q

cleavage lines and stretch marks happen where

A

reticular

48
Q

incision lines should go in what direction and why

A

parallel , so there is less gap/scar

49
Q

what are stretch marks called

A

striae

50
Q

what is responsible for grip and friction within the papillary layer

A

epidermal ridges

51
Q

what responds to light touch

A

meissner’s corpuscles

52
Q

what responds to change/ variation in pressure

A

pacinian corpuscles

53
Q

whats immediately below the skin

A

subcutaneous tissue

54
Q

is subcutaneous tissue considered skin

A

no

55
Q

deep to skin and is the area of attachment from skin to underlying bone and muscle

A

hypodermis

56
Q

what provides skin with blood vessels and nerves

A

subcutaneous tissue

57
Q

whats loose CT with collagen and elastic fibers and is an energy source but not the first choice

A

subcutaneous

58
Q

is the amount of subcutaneous tissue variable

A

yes especially in females

59
Q

3 types of injections

A

intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular

60
Q

what provides local anesthetics, sensitive- allergy and TB skin test and done at a shallow angle

A

intradermal

61
Q

what injection provides insulin, opioids, allergy meds and is a short needle

A

subcutaneous

62
Q

what injection goes in the muscle at a 90 degree angle and is a long needle used for vaccine and rabies

A

intramuscular

63
Q

what are flexible dead protein strands and is everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples, external genitalia, distal fingers and toes

A

hair (pili)

64
Q

3 layers of hair

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

65
Q

what are goosebumps called

A

arrector pili

66
Q

what are clear coated area on dorsal distal region of digits

A

nails

67
Q

what aids in grasping small things, itching

A

nails

68
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

69
Q

what gland is sweat that cools body

A

eccrine

70
Q

what glad is in axillae and anogenital region

A

apocrine

71
Q

what gland is responsible for oil onto hair and soften and lubricates skin

A

sebaceous

72
Q

women, lactation gland

A

mammary

73
Q

what gland produces earwax and acts as an insect repellant

A

ceruminous

74
Q

what is tissue damage due to xs heat, electricity radiation or chemicals

A

burns

75
Q

what happens during burns

A

lose body fluids, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, renal shutdown and circulatory shock

76
Q

what does the rule of 9’s do

A

determine the amount of loss with 11 areas with parallel areas

77
Q

entire head and neck is what percentage

A

4.5 and 4.5 so 9

78
Q

entire right arm percentage

A

9

79
Q

entire left arm percentage

A

9

80
Q

entire trunk percentage

A

18 and 18 so 36

81
Q

groin percentage

A

1

82
Q

entire right leg percentage

A

18

83
Q

entire left leg percentage

A

18

84
Q

partial thickness burns would be

A

1st degree and 2nd degree

85
Q

full thickness burns would be

A

3rd and 4th degree

86
Q

what burn is only epidermis with local redness

A

1st

87
Q

what burn is epidermis and upper dermis with red, pain, edema

A

2nd

88
Q

what burn goes onto epidermis, dermis, and into hypothermis and has no pain and skin graft is necessary

A

3rd

89
Q

what burn is very severe and deeper than subcutaneous and may require amputation

A

4th

90
Q

rinse cold water until pain stops, pat dry, clean burn, ointment to keep moist and bandage is a treatment for what degree of burn

A

2nd

91
Q

aloe, topical analgesics, NSAID, ice, and moisturizer is treatment for what degree of burn

A

1st

91
Q

hospital, clean, debride, iv fluids, abx, silvadene cream, skin graft is treatment for what degree of burn

A

3rd

92
Q

hospital, surgery or skin graft amputation and lengthy rehab is treatment for what degree of burns

A

4th

93
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

basal, squamous, and melanoma

94
Q

what skin cancer is the least malignant and very common

A

BCC

95
Q

what skin cancer is the stratum basale altered, and proliferates into dermis and hypodermis on face

A

BCC

96
Q

what skin cancer is shiny and has a central ulcer with pearly edge and grows slow

A

bcc

97
Q
A

Human Structure and Function I (24 decks)

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