Evidence-Based Medicine

Question 1

What are baseline characteristics?

Answer 1

factors which might influence outcome

Question 2

Give examples of baseline characteristics?

Answer 2

illness severity at entry; current treatment; disease duration and relevant PMHx

Question 3

What are inclusion criteria?

Answer 3

likely to benefit from treatment and unlikely to be harmed

Question 4

What are the requirements of outcome measures?

Answer 4

clinically relevant; easily measured; accurately measured; specifified in trial ptorocols

Question 5

What are the types of cohort study?

Answer 5

prospective and retrospective

Question 6

What are the purposes of a cohort study?

Answer 6

estimate of risk in general population; ability to pick up infrequent occurrences; ability to find outcomes that were unexpected

Question 7

How is relative risk calculated?

Answer 7

incidence in exposed/incidence in not exposed

Question 8

What other name is relative risk known as?

Answer 8

risk ratio

Question 9

What does a risk ratio<1 mean?

Answer 9

incidence in exposed is less than incidence in control

Question 10

How is absolute risk calculated?

Answer 10

risk in exposed group-risk in non-exposed group

Question 11

How does a case control study work?

Answer 11

group and interest and compraison group, take historries to compare and draw conclusions

Question 12

What is odds ratio?

Answer 12

odds of event when exposed/odds of event when not exposed

Question 13

What does an odds ratio <1 mean?

Answer 13

risk in exposed < risk in control

Question 14

What is the main difference between a cohort study and a case control study?

Answer 14

cast control study is retrospective whereas cohort study isnt

Question 15

What is a P value?

Answer 15

numerical value indicating the probability that this observation has occurred due to chance

Question 16

What is a confidence interval?

Answer 16

way of indicating a range of values which probably contain the true value

Question 17

What does the null hypothesis stae?

Answer 17

no difference between 2 groups

Question 18

What is a type 1 error?

Answer 18

rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Question 19

What is a type 2 error?

Answer 19

accepting the null hypothesis when it isn’t true

Question 20

What are the protective processes in research?

Answer 20

data protection; caldicott gaurdian approval; non-clinical ethics committee and clinical research ethics comittee

Question 21

What is the function of the data protection act?

Answer 21

rules for the collection, managemtn and maintence of personal info

Question 22

What does caldicott guardian approval allow?

Answer 22

access to patient records without individual consent

Question 23

what is needed to get caldicott guardian approval?

Answer 23

data will be stored annonymously and securely; no identifiable patient data, onyl essential data is collected

Question 24

When do you need clinical research ethics?

Answer 24

doing things to patients

Question 25

What do you need to get clinical research ethics approval?

Answer 25

study protocol; participant info sheet and consent form

Question 26

What are the methods of qualititaive research?

Answer 26

asking people; observing people

Question 27

What is the difference between the reasoning in quantitative and qualitative research?

Answer 27

qualititative is deductive reasoning and qualitative is inductive

Question 28

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 28

observation/experiemnt---generalisations--theory

Question 29

Wahat is deductive reasoning?

Answer 29

theory--predictions--observation/experiment

Question 30

In a Gaussian distrubtion of a population sample what is the relationship between the median and the mean?

Answer 30

median has the same value as the mean

Question 31

What is external validity?

Answer 31

extent to which one can appropriately apply the results to other populations

Question 32

What does a 95% confidence interval mean?

Answer 32

5% chacne of hte true value lying outside of these limits

Question 33

What does statistical significance mean?

Answer 33

results of s astudy are unlikly to have arisen by chance alone

Question 34

What does a null hypothesis mean?

Answer 34

hypothesis that there is no relationship between the study variables

Question 35

What would help a confidence interval become more narrow?

Answer 35

significantyl increasing sample size

Question 36

Qualitiative research seeks to analyze the ..... people attribute to their ..... and circumstances?

Answer 36

data, experiences

Question 37

What is it called when there is no longer any need to sample more people to reach new conclusions or back up or challenge existing conclusions?

Answer 37

saturation

Question 38

What is the positivist paradigm?

Answer 38

belief in an objective reality

Question 39

What is a study that compreas 2 randomised groups with similar characteristics with a drug and control?

Answer 39

randomised control trial

Question 40

What is a study that aims to establish the normal height of 4 year old children by measuring heights at school entry?

Answer 40

cross-sectional trial

Question 41

What is a study that compares a group of children whose heights are below the 10th centile with a group of match controls of normal height, aiming to identify possible causative factors?

Answer 41

case-control study

Question 42

What is a study that compares the height of a group of 4year olds living near a nuclear plant with the height of a grou[ of 4 year olds who live elsewhere?

Answer 42

case-control study

Question 43

What do you need to do for a cohort study?

Answer 43

follow over time

Question 44

What is a meta-analysis?

Answer 44

way of combining data from many different research stidueis- stasticial process that combines the findings fro mindividual studies

Question 45

waht is a cross-sectional study?

Answer 45

observation of a defined population at a single point in time

Question 46

What is a case-control study?

Answer 46

begin with the outcomes and don't follow people over time; choosoe people with a prticular result and interview or look at records- compare odds of having an experience with the outcome to the odds of having an experience without the outcome

Question 47

What is a cohort study?

Answer 47

prospective observational study - 2 groups are compared

Question 48

What is a systemiatic review?

Answer 48

summary of the clinical literature- critical assessment and eval of research studies that address a particular clinical issue

Question 49

What is hte best way to minimise reporting bias?

Answer 49

preemtive study

Question 50

What is the difference between relative risk and relative risk reduction?

Answer 50

relative risk is a ratio whereas relative risk reduction is a percentage

Question 51

What is absolute risk calculated?

Answer 51

event rate of control- event rate of treatment group

Question 52

How is number needed to treat calculated?

Answer 52

1/absolute risk reduction