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Transition Block > Evidence-Based Medicine > Flashcards

Evidence-Based Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What are baseline characteristics?

A

factors which might influence outcome

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2
Q

Give examples of baseline characteristics?

A

illness severity at entry; current treatment; disease duration and relevant PMHx

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3
Q

What are inclusion criteria?

A

likely to benefit from treatment and unlikely to be harmed

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4
Q

What are the requirements of outcome measures?

A

clinically relevant; easily measured; accurately measured; specifified in trial ptorocols

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5
Q

What are the types of cohort study?

A

prospective and retrospective

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6
Q

What are the purposes of a cohort study?

A

estimate of risk in general population; ability to pick up infrequent occurrences; ability to find outcomes that were unexpected

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7
Q

How is relative risk calculated?

A

incidence in exposed/incidence in not exposed

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8
Q

What other name is relative risk known as?

A

risk ratio

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9
Q

What does a risk ratio<1 mean?

A

incidence in exposed is less than incidence in control

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10
Q

How is absolute risk calculated?

A

risk in exposed group-risk in non-exposed group

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11
Q

How does a case control study work?

A

group and interest and compraison group, take historries to compare and draw conclusions

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12
Q

What is odds ratio?

A

odds of event when exposed/odds of event when not exposed

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13
Q

What does an odds ratio <1 mean?

A

risk in exposed < risk in control

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14
Q

What is the main difference between a cohort study and a case control study?

A

cast control study is retrospective whereas cohort study isnt

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15
Q

What is a P value?

A

numerical value indicating the probability that this observation has occurred due to chance

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16
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

way of indicating a range of values which probably contain the true value

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17
Q

What does the null hypothesis stae?

A

no difference between 2 groups

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18
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

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19
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

accepting the null hypothesis when it isn’t true

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20
Q

What are the protective processes in research?

A

data protection; caldicott gaurdian approval; non-clinical ethics committee and clinical research ethics comittee

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21
Q

What is the function of the data protection act?

A

rules for the collection, managemtn and maintence of personal info

22
Q

What does caldicott guardian approval allow?

A

access to patient records without individual consent

23
Q

what is needed to get caldicott guardian approval?

A

data will be stored annonymously and securely; no identifiable patient data, onyl essential data is collected

24
Q

When do you need clinical research ethics?

A

doing things to patients

25
Q

What do you need to get clinical research ethics approval?

A

study protocol; participant info sheet and consent form

26
Q

What are the methods of qualititaive research?

A

asking people; observing people

27
Q

What is the difference between the reasoning in quantitative and qualitative research?

A

qualititative is deductive reasoning and qualitative is inductive

28
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

observation/experiemnt—generalisations–theory

29
Q

Wahat is deductive reasoning?

A

theory–predictions–observation/experiment

30
Q

In a Gaussian distrubtion of a population sample what is the relationship between the median and the mean?

A

median has the same value as the mean

31
Q

What is external validity?

A

extent to which one can appropriately apply the results to other populations

32
Q

What does a 95% confidence interval mean?

A

5% chacne of hte true value lying outside of these limits

33
Q

What does statistical significance mean?

A

results of s astudy are unlikly to have arisen by chance alone

34
Q

What does a null hypothesis mean?

A

hypothesis that there is no relationship between the study variables

35
Q

What would help a confidence interval become more narrow?

A

significantyl increasing sample size

36
Q

Qualitiative research seeks to analyze the ….. people attribute to their ….. and circumstances?

A

data, experiences

37
Q

What is it called when there is no longer any need to sample more people to reach new conclusions or back up or challenge existing conclusions?

A

saturation

38
Q

What is the positivist paradigm?

A

belief in an objective reality

39
Q

What is a study that compreas 2 randomised groups with similar characteristics with a drug and control?

A

randomised control trial

40
Q

What is a study that aims to establish the normal height of 4 year old children by measuring heights at school entry?

A

cross-sectional trial

41
Q

What is a study that compares a group of children whose heights are below the 10th centile with a group of match controls of normal height, aiming to identify possible causative factors?

A

case-control study

42
Q

What is a study that compares the height of a group of 4year olds living near a nuclear plant with the height of a grou[ of 4 year olds who live elsewhere?

A

case-control study

43
Q

What do you need to do for a cohort study?

A

follow over time

44
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

way of combining data from many different research stidueis- stasticial process that combines the findings fro mindividual studies

45
Q

waht is a cross-sectional study?

A

observation of a defined population at a single point in time

46
Q

What is a case-control study?

A

begin with the outcomes and don’t follow people over time; choosoe people with a prticular result and interview or look at records- compare odds of having an experience with the outcome to the odds of having an experience without the outcome

47
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

prospective observational study - 2 groups are compared

48
Q

What is a systemiatic review?

A

summary of the clinical literature- critical assessment and eval of research studies that address a particular clinical issue

49
Q

What is hte best way to minimise reporting bias?

A

preemtive study

50
Q

What is the difference between relative risk and relative risk reduction?

A

relative risk is a ratio whereas relative risk reduction is a percentage

51
Q

What is absolute risk calculated?

A

event rate of control- event rate of treatment group

52
Q

How is number needed to treat calculated?

A

1/absolute risk reduction

Transition Block (35 decks)

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