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Transition Block > 01/04/18 > Flashcards

01/04/18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inheritance of ataxia telangiectasia

/

A

AR

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2
Q

What are the immunological consequences of ataxia telangiectasia?

A

variable immunodeficiency and T cell dysfunction

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3
Q

What are the features of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome?

A

abnormal immune system function and thrombpyctopenia

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4
Q

What is the inheritance of Wiskott-alrich syndrome?

A

X-linked recessive

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5
Q

What does TX indicate in staging?

A

malignant ells found in bronchail secretions. no other evidence of tujour

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6
Q

What does N1 in lung staging mean?

A

peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilum

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7
Q

What does N2 on lung staging mean?

A

ipsilateral mediastinum or subcarinal

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8
Q

what does N3 on lung staging mean?

A

contralateral mediastinum or hilum, scalene or supraclavicular

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9
Q

What sex has a better prognosis in SZ?

A

female

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10
Q

Waht artery originates from the left posterior aortic sinus?

A

left coronary aretry

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11
Q

What artery supplies the AV node?

A

RCA

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12
Q

What vessel opens into the right atrium?

A

coronary sinus

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13
Q

What artery supplies the apex of the heart?

A

LAD

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14
Q

What artery lies in the anterior atrioventricular groove?

A

RCA

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15
Q

What feature of hte ECG is myotonic dystrophy associated with?

A

prolonged PR intergal

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16
Q

What is the treatment for aspergillus?

A

amphotericin B

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17
Q

What lines the oesophagus in the upper two thirds?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

What lines the oesophagus in the lower third?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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19
Q

What is a ridge of bone known as?

A

crest

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20
Q

What is the effect of non-dominant temporal love lesions?

A

abnormalities of perception

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21
Q

What virus is responsible for roseola infantum?

A

Human herpes virus 6

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22
Q

What is the effect of human herpes virus 6 in adults?

A

increase risk of transplant rejection

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23
Q

What organisms are responsible for febrile diarrhoeal illnesses in young children?

A

echovirus

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24
Q

Which virus leads to bird flu and human transmission?

A

influenza A

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25
Q

What factors are protein c and S involved in breaking down?

A

Va and VIIIa

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26
Q

What is factor V leiden?

A

factor V which cannot be inactivated by protein C

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27
Q

Which area of the bowel does Hirshprung’s afffefct?

A

large bowel not small

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28
Q

How do anticonvulsants cause osteomalacia?

A

reduced 25 hydroxylation of vtiamin D in the liver

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29
Q

What type of virus is HPV?

A

DNA virus

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30
Q

What cells have CD52?

A

B and T cells; monocytes; macrophages, ddendritic cell and NK cells

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31
Q

What is the function of CD52 crosslinking?

A

costimulatory signal to T cells

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32
Q

What are the complications of retinal vein occlusion?

A

macular oedema and neovascular glaucome

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33
Q

What is neovacualr glaucoma characterised by?

A

prliferation of fibrovascular tissue in the anterior chamber angle

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34
Q

What causes neovascular glaucome?

A

retinal ischaemia

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35
Q

Why are handle and short process of malleus more prominent in acute otitis media/

A

typiamic membraen initially becomes retracted

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36
Q

What is the differential for nail fold infarcts?

A

RA; dermato/polymyositis; scleroderma

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37
Q

What is the difference between nail fold infarcts and splinter haemorrhages?

A

splinter haemorrhages are more linear and more nuemours

38
Q

Why does bleeding occur in the first trimester with molar pregnnacies?

A

intravascular coagulation

39
Q

What is the significance of trophoblastic disease and contraception?

A

recent trophoblastic disease is an absolute CI to progeterone contraception as it can be progesterone-responsive

40
Q

What branch of the SMA supplies the transverse colon?

A

middle colic artery

41
Q

What areas of the body are affected by pityriasis rosea?

A

trunk, neck and prox. limbs

42
Q

Who does pityriasis rosea affect?

A

young adults

43
Q

What precedes the rash in pityriasis rosea?

A

herald patch

44
Q

What does the herald patch in look like in pityriasis rosea?

A

ovoid red scaly patch with a scaly edge- dark red

45
Q

What are the lesions like in pityriasis versicolour?

A

mulitple hypo or hyperpigmented scaly macules on the upper trunk and back

46
Q

What causes pityriasis versicolor?

A

fungi: malassezia furfur

47
Q

What artery supplies the right ventricle and apex?

A

right marginal artery

48
Q

What artery supplies the left atrium and ventricle?

A

circumflex artery

49
Q

What stimulates the release of gastrin?

A

parasympathetics and amino acids

50
Q

What inhibits the secretion of gastrin?

A

acid in the stomach and somatostatin

51
Q

What hormone stimualtes bicard seretion from the duodenum, pancreas and liver?

A

secretin

52
Q

When is secretin stimulated?

A

acid in the small intestine

53
Q

Where is ghrelin produced?

A

fundus of the stomach

54
Q

What type of deafness is seen with PAgets?

A

conductive

55
Q

What is the main gene found on the Y chromosome?

A

SRY gene

56
Q

When does genetic anticipation occur?

A

mutations caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions

57
Q

What diseases are assoicated iwht genetic anticipiation?

A

myotonic dystrophy; fragile X and huntingtons

58
Q

When is dexamethasone used as an antiemetic?

A

after cytotoxic chemo

59
Q

Is AVN associated with SLE?

A

yes

60
Q

What diagnosis is made using hte tensilon test?

A

myasthenia gravis

61
Q

What is the tensilon test?

A

administration of IV edophonium

62
Q

What can cause pulsatile proptosis?

A

carotid artery aneurysm

63
Q

When is the peak incidence of TTP?

A

30-40 years

64
Q

What is associated with TTP?

A

cytotoxic drugs; SLE; pregnnacy; oral contraceptive use

65
Q

What is the difference between TTP and DIC?

A

clotting screen (fibrinogen level) is normal in TT

66
Q

What type of wound are seen with Ehlers-Danlos syundrome?

A

fish-mouth wounds

67
Q

What happens to your sleep with propanolol?

A

vivid dreams

68
Q

What contraceptive is implicated in severe depression?

A

depo-provera

69
Q

What cancer does Bowens’s disease predispose to?

A

SCC

70
Q

What is seen with SCC

A

ulcerated lesion with everted edge

71
Q

What is the typical presentation of BCC?

A

pearly nodule with rolled telangiectactic edge on the face

72
Q

What is the mechanism behind focal neuro signs associate with polycythamia?

A

thrombosis

73
Q

What are simple manouevres for epistaxis?

A

grasping alae distally and application of a cold compress to the brdige of the nose

74
Q

What is the next step in stopping epistaxis after anterior nasal packing is unsucessful?

A

posterior packing

75
Q

What is seen in the hormones with PCOS?

A

elevated LH and normal or low FHS; increased free oestrogen

76
Q

What may be seen with diabetics commensed on fibrate therapy?

A

low HDL

77
Q

What happens to cortisol in response to hypoglycameia?

A

rises

78
Q

What is recommended first line for onychomycosis?

A

terbinafine

79
Q

What is the inheritance of G6PD deficiency?

A

x-linked recessive

80
Q

What artery lies in the anterior atroventricular

A

right coronary artery

81
Q

What part of the ventricular system might a pinealoma compress?

A

midbrain cerebral aqueduct

82
Q

What effect can midbrain tumours have on the eyes?

A

compress the edinger westphal nuclei- mydriasis

83
Q

Why are hormonal contraceptives associated with ectopic pregnancy?

A

progesterone decreases tubal motility and delays ovum transport

84
Q

What is MRI based on?

A

exciting hydrogen atoms using energy from an oscillating magnetic field and the rate at which excited electrons return back to their resting state

85
Q

Why is Addisons disease associated with premature menopause?

A

steroid cell autoantibodies cross react with the theca interna/granulosa layers of the ovarian follicles

86
Q

What is the difference between tropicamide and cyclopentolate?

A

tropicamide has a much shorter acting

87
Q

What are the mainstays of treatment in nephrotic syndrome?

A

salt restriction and diuretics

88
Q

What artery supplies the cochlear and vestibular nuclei in the brainstem?

A

anteiror inferior cerebellar artery

89
Q

What are the common pathogens for neonatal bacterial meningitis?

A

GBS; E.coli and listeria

90
Q

give an example of an enticholinesterase?

A

pyridostigmine

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