29/03/18 Flashcards
What is given for lifethreatening rising ICP?
IV mannitol/furosemide
What does a unilaterally dilated pupil indicate?
CNIII compression 2o to tentorial herniation
What are the symptoms of hypokalaemia?
fatigue; muscle weakness; myalgia; muscle cramps; constipation; hyporeflexia and paralysis
What are the features of hypokalaemia?
U waves; small/absent T waves (inversion); prolong PR interval; ST depression; long QT
What is Riedel thyroiditis?
fibrous tissue replacing the normal thyroid parenchyma; painless goitre
What are the main types of thryoid antibodies?
anti-thryoid peroxidase; TSH receptor; thyroglobulin
Which antibody is found in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
anti-TPO
What antibody is most commonly found in Grave’s?
TSH receptor antibodies
Why does hypocalcaemia cause excitability of nerves?
lack of calcium increases permeability of sodium
How does changing the pH affect calcium?
affects amount of free calcium in the blood
How do sarcomas commonly metastasise?
haematogenously
What are the SE of ciprofloaxacin?
reduces threshold for seizure and increases risk of tendon rupture
What is the effect of clostridium botulinum?
prevents the release of ACh at the neurmuscualr junction
What other name is Wenckebach hart blok known as?
Mobitz type 1
What antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors?
aminogylcosides; tetrocyclines; chloramphenicol; clindamycin; macrolides
What separates the subclavian artery and vein?
scalenus anterior
What is the ligamentum teres?
remnant of the umbilical vein
What organism is gram-nge; oxidase postiive; non-lactose fermenting bacilli?
pseudomonas
What organism is gram-negative. maltose-utilising diplococci?
neisseria menigitides
What organism is gram postiive, urease positive catalase postivie cocci?
staph. epidermidis
What organism is a gram negative, oxidase positive, catalase positive comma-shaped rods?
H. pylori
What is the effect of oestrogen on lactobacilli?
facilitate the conversion of glucose to lactic acid
What hormones stimualte the release of prolactin?
PRH and TRH
What dermatome is the inguinal ligament?
L1
What forms the medial border of the femoral canal?
lacunar ligament
What forms the posterior border of hte femoral canal?
pectinlea ligament
Where does acetazolamide work in the kidneys?
proximal convoluted tubule
Where do thiazides work?
distal tubule
Where do loops work?
ascending limb of henle
What is the function of CCK?
stimulates digestion of fat and protein
What embyrological strucutre is the ureter derived from?
mesonephric duct
How does the opthalmic artery enter the orbit?
wit hthe optic nerve
Where does the dural sac terminate?
S2
