17/04/18 Flashcards
What is an early deceleration?
starts with contraction and ends with contraction
What causes an early deceleration?
increased fetal ICP resulting in increased vagal tone
What is wet beri-beri?
cardiomyopathy with peripheral oedema; pleural effusion/ascites
What causes beri-beri?
thiamine deficiency
Waht is dry beri beri?
distal motor-sensory neuropathy
When are Looser’s zones seen?
osteomalacia
What causes hepatic bruits?
AV malformation
Where does pain typically radiate with cholelithaisis?
to the back
How is giardia treated?
metronidazole
When are blue sclera seen?
osteogenesis imperfecta; Ehlers danlos; marfans; chronic steroid use; IDA
What are the thyroid hormones stored bound to?
thryroglobulin
what might happen to children on phenobarbitone?
hyperkinesia
How much does one unit of blood usually raise the haemoglobin?
10g/L
Why may patietns with neurofibromatosis have hypertension?
renal artery stenosis of phaechromocytoma
Why might a patient with neurofibromatosis have neurosurgery?
meningioma; glioma; acoustic neuroma; clipping of berry aneurysm
What may cause post-transplant hypertension?
ciclosporin toxicity or steroid therpay; chornic rejection
What are the SE of amiodarone?
arrhythmias- torsades de pointes; QT prolongation; hepatotoxicity; pulmonary fibrosis; photosensitivity; neuropathy; hyperthyroidism
What is seen in reflexes with hypothyroidism?
slow relaxation of the tendon jerk
What is onychogyrphosis?
benign condition with overprolifetation of the germinal matrix leading to excessive grwoth of the nail palte
What is onychogryphosis described as?
rams horn
What is pseudoachalasia?
achalsia-pattern dilatation of the oesophagus due to narrowing of distal oesophagus from other causes than primary denervation
What is the lining of the oesopahgus?
non-keratinsing stratified squamous epihtleium
What is Barrett’s oesophagus?
simple columnar epithelium
What causes an undisplaced apex beat with heaving nature?
aortic stenosis
What causes a displaced thrusting apex beat?
aortic regurgitation
What causes a tapping apex beat?
mitral stenosis
What does a lobulated goitre with no bruit suggest?
multinodular goitre
What does a continuous machinery murmur at the upper left apex suggest?
PDA
Why is there a tendency for hypoglycaemia in diabetics with end stage renal failure?
SUs and isnulins are partly excreted by the kidneys
Does smoking protect against UC or Crohns?
UC
Are cyrpt abscesses on rectal biopsy associated with UC or Crohns?
UC
What type of renal stones are assocaited with Crohns?
oxalate stones- increased colonic absoprtion of oxalate and dehydration from diarrhoea
How is 2,3 DPG created?
in erythrocytes during glycolysis by the Rpoport-Luebering shunt
What happens to 2,3 DPG in primary polycythaemia?
reduced
What is a complication of long standing Hashimotos thyroiditis?
lymphoma
What treatment for resistant adn atypicalt TB may cause vertigo?
cycloserine
What is a pseudoaneurysm?
wall made up from surrounding tissue
Waht type of organims is C.diff?
anaerobic gram positive, spore forming bacillus
What is seen in Miller-Fisher syndrome?
arefelxia; ataxia; ophthalmoplegia but no limb or truncal weakness
What is the treatment for complete heart block?
transvenous pacemaker
What should be written down when prescribing oxygen/nebulisers?
drug name; flow rate; device used; target sats; indication; signature; date
What is the inital treatment for sinus bradycardia?
atropine
What is the treatment for mycoplasma pneumoniae?
tetraceycline or erythromycin
What is a holoenyzme?
requires a magnsium ion as a ca-factor to function properly
What is the treatment for epiglottitis?
ceftrixaone
What is the treatment for acute rhinosinusitis?
pneicillin V- but avoid antibiotics as most will resolve in 2 weeks
What is the antibitiocs for native valve indolent endocardiits?
amox and gent
What is the treatment for native valve severe sepssi acute endocarditis?
fluclov