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Transition Block > 04/04/18 > Flashcards

04/04/18 Flashcards

1
Q

Why might a serous cystadenoma appear solid?

A

papillary growth

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2
Q

What type of ovarian tumour may cause pseudomyxoma peritonei?

A

mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma

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3
Q

What causes endometrial polyps?

A

inappropriate rseponse to oestrogenic stimulation

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4
Q

what other name is atypical endometrial hyperplasia known as?

A

endometrial intra-epithelial neoplasia

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5
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

mucopolysaccharide layer

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6
Q

What other name is a benign transitional cells tumour known as ?

A

Brenner tumour

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7
Q

Which chromosome is BRCA1 found on?

A

17

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8
Q

What is seen histologically with dysgerminoma?

A

germ cells mixed with lymphocytes

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9
Q

What is the effective treatment for dysgerminoma

A

radiotherapy

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10
Q

What is a monodermal teratoma?

A

tissue derived from one germ cell layer

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11
Q

Who gets yolk sac tumours?

A

below age 30

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12
Q

Waht is the most common sex cord tumour?

A

thecoma

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13
Q

What can be used as a tumour marker in granulosa cell tumours?

A

inhibin

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14
Q

How may Leydig cells be identified?

A

Reinke’s crystals wtihin the cytoplasm

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15
Q

How are clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid cancers related?

A

clear cell is a variant of endometrioid

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16
Q

What is seen histologically with erythema nodosum?

A

vasculitis or small venules and panniculitis

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17
Q

Aside from wasting of the lower limbs in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, what other muscles are affected?

A

small muscles of the hands

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18
Q

How is the diagnosis of acromegaly confirmed?

A

OGTT

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19
Q

What is seen on OGTT with acromegaly?

A

non-suppression of growth hormone

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20
Q

What are common triggers of psoriasis?

A

stress; infection; skin trauma; drugs; alcohol; obesity; smoking and climate

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21
Q

What drugs are triggers of psoriasis?

A

lithium; NSAIDs; beta-blockers; antimalarials

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22
Q

What is first line mx of psoriasis?

A

topical vit D analogue e.g calcipotriol; emollients ; coal tar

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23
Q

What is second line mx fo psoriasis?

A

topical steroids; retinoids or dithranol

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24
Q

What should you be careful about with dithranol?

A

avoid on normal skin and sensitive areas

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25
Which patients are most likely to get intraventricular haemorrhages?
premature
26
How does hyperparathyroidism cause peptic ulcers?
increased calcium increased gastrin and ACh release
27
Waht is the effect on clotting and platelets with henoch schonelien purpura?
normal
28
What is the visual defect with retinitis pigementosa?
tunnel vission
29
What is the visual field defect seen with internal capsular infarction?
homonymous hemianopia
30
what is the mechanism of atropine?
anticholinergic
31
What ANCA is associated with Wegeners
cANCA
32
What ANCA is assocaited with EGPA and microscopic polyangiits?
pANCA
33
What other inflamatory condition is assocaited with pANCA?
UC
34
What drugs can be used in the mx of delirium tremens?
diazepam; beta-blockers; clonidine; carbamazepine and neuroleptics
35
What type of epithelium is seen at the transformation zone of the cervix?
non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium
36
What is the epithelium in the uterus?
simple columnar epithelium
37
Waht is the effect of ciprofloxacin on warfarin?
prolongs the INR
38
What hormone produced by the placenta is lactogenic; regulates glucose metabolism and promotes fat breakdown?
human placental lactogen
39
When is puncate basophilia seen?
lead poisoning and beta thal
40
What causes pseudobulbar palsy?
bilateral UMN lesions
41
Waht is seen with Patterson-Kelly-Brown syndrome?
post-cricoid web
42
What is a SE of alpha-methyl dopa?
haemolytic anaemia
43
Which complement deficiencies are assocaited iwht HSP?
C1-4 deficiency
44
What is the prognosis of FSGS | ?
chronic renal failure in 50%
45
What are the viral causes of FSGS?
HIV; parvovirus B19; CMV; EBV
46
What drugs can cause FSGS?
heroin; IFN; lithium; pamidronate; anabolic steroids; calcineurin inhibitors
47
What is the treatment for glucocorticoid resistant FSGS?
calcineurin inhibitor
48
Is FSGS nephrotic or nephritic?
nephrotic
49
What is seen in the limb O/E with neck of femur #?
short, externally rotated limb
50
What level is the angle of Louis?
T4/5
51
At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?
C4
52
When should extra precautions with the COC with antibiotic use be taken?
3 weeks
53
What drug for thyrotoxicosis should be used in the first trimester?
PTU
54
What drug should be used for hyperthyroidism in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?
carbimazole
55
What is cheiropopholyx?
form of eczema that affects the palms and soles and presents with blistering
56
Is the diagnosis pemphigus or pemphigoid if there are intact blisters>
pemphigoid
57
Why is there increased PT and APTT in DIC>
consumption of caogulation factors
58
What i first line invesigation for renal carcinoma?
ultrasound
59
What is the investigation for renal artery stenosis?
doppler US
60
what temp are platelets stored at?
room-22 degrees
61
what temp are red cells stored at?
4 degrees
62
What temp is FFP and cryoprecipitate stored at?
-20
63
What is Jervell-Lange-Neilson syndrome?
deafness and long QT syndrome
64
What is the cause of white breath holding?
extreme vagal response
65
What is the final stage of electron transport chain?
reduction of oxygen to water
66
When does tubulointerstitial nephritis tend to occur?
within the first few days to months of taking a drug
67
What other name is drug induced TIN known as?
allergic interstitial nephritis
68
What is seen on bloods with allergic interstitial nephritis?
raised IgE and eosinophilia
69
How can drug induced and other causes of TIN be differentiated on bloods?
drug induced- eosinophilia whereas other causes don't
70
What is misoprostol?
PG analogue
71
What are the actions of misoprostol?
induction of labour; dilatation of the cervix; expulsion of products of conception
72
What is hte maximum time since the LMP for mifepristone?
49 days
73
What is the function of mifepristone?
partial agonist of progesterone; inhibits ovulation; sensitises endometrium to action of PGs
74
What is the primary mode of action of dianette?
testosterone receptor antagonist
75
What is seen on imaging with fibromuscular dysplasia?
string of beads with multiple obstructions and dilatations
76
What is fibromuscular dysplasia associatedi wht?
carotid artery abnormalities; ehler-danlos syndrome and marfans syndrome
77
When do calcium phosphate stones form?
in resposne to hypercalciuria
78
What solute is used to monitor dialysis adequacy?
urea
79
What is the mechanism of clomiphene citrate?
selective oestrogen receptor modulator
80
What is the function of clomiphene citrate in PCOS infertility?
inhibits negative feedback on the hypothalamus
81
Why is spironolactone used in PCOS?
potent antagonist at androgen receptors and reduces secondary virilisation
82
What is volume of distritbution equal to?
amount of drug in body/plasma conc.
83
What is hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia caharacterised by?
small dilated blood vessels on the oral and nasal mucosa
84
Why does cyanosis occur in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia?
pulmonary AVM
85
What is alogia?
lack of spontaneous speech
86
What is Asherman's syndrome?
intrauterine adhesions/scarring or synechiae
87
What is the end of the nerve fibre at the NMJ called?
motor end palte
88
What neurotransmitter is found at the NMJ?
ACh
89
Which muscles are typically affected first in myasthenia gravis?
eyes; mouth and throat
90
What is a cause of spontaneous hypoglycaemia?
SU and insulinoma
91
How is spontanoues hypoglycaemia proved?
prolonged fast
92
What is Anton's syndrome?
patient denies blind despite evidence to the contrary
93
What is the effect on premenstrual syndrome with progesterone contraception?
exacerabtes
94
How long is amenorrhea needded before pramture menopause diagnosis can be made?
12 months
95
What does SAC in yolk sac stand for?
Schiller-duval bodies; increased AFP; children
96
What do schiller duval bodies look like?
glomerulus or fried egg
97
What does dysGERMANoma mean?
increased LDH and hcg- flag has 3 colours
98
In a young patient with signs of both ovarian cancer adn hyperthyroidism what should ou think of?
teratoma- can produce thryoid tissue
99
What is Meigs triad?
fibroma; ascites and pleural effusion
100
How can fibroma and meigs triad be remembered?
fiBROma- who drinks loads of beer--beer belly looks like ascites
101
Sertoli-LeyDIG tumours are associated iwth what histologically?
leyDIG for crystals (Reinke) (also virilisation cause of androgens)
102
What is the mnemonic for granulosa theca cell tumours?
call Granny Exner- granulosa associated iwth call-exner bodies
103
What hormone is increased in granulosa cell tumours?
oestrogen
104
What is Brenner tumour?
=bladder-like
105
What often precedes ITP?
recent infection
106
What is the function of ADAMTS13?
inhibits vWF
107
What is the classic cell with TTP?
shistiocytes
108
Waht is the mnemonic for TTP
the terrible pentad
109
What is the terrible pentad of TTP?
fever; neurologic; renal; anaemia; platelets
110
What is the problem in TTP?
reduced ADAMTS13 resulting in reduced vWF
111
What is the mnemonic for E.coli HUS?
Haemolysis; Uraemia; Stomach virus
112
What is seen on peripheral smear with ITP?
large platelets

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