04/04/18 Flashcards by Beth Mitchell

Why might a serous cystadenoma appear solid?

papillary growth

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What type of ovarian tumour may cause pseudomyxoma peritonei?

mucinous cystadenoma/carcinoma

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What causes endometrial polyps?

inappropriate rseponse to oestrogenic stimulation

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what other name is atypical endometrial hyperplasia known as?

endometrial intra-epithelial neoplasia

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What is the zona pellucida?

mucopolysaccharide layer

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What other name is a benign transitional cells tumour known as ?

Brenner tumour

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Which chromosome is BRCA1 found on?

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What is seen histologically with dysgerminoma?

germ cells mixed with lymphocytes

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What is the effective treatment for dysgerminoma

radiotherapy

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What is a monodermal teratoma?

tissue derived from one germ cell layer

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Who gets yolk sac tumours?

below age 30

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Waht is the most common sex cord tumour?

thecoma

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What can be used as a tumour marker in granulosa cell tumours?

inhibin

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How may Leydig cells be identified?

Reinke’s crystals wtihin the cytoplasm

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How are clear cell carcinoma and endometrioid cancers related?

clear cell is a variant of endometrioid

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What is seen histologically with erythema nodosum?

vasculitis or small venules and panniculitis

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Aside from wasting of the lower limbs in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, what other muscles are affected?

small muscles of the hands

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How is the diagnosis of acromegaly confirmed?

OGTT

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What is seen on OGTT with acromegaly?

non-suppression of growth hormone

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What are common triggers of psoriasis?

stress; infection; skin trauma; drugs; alcohol; obesity; smoking and climate

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What drugs are triggers of psoriasis?

lithium; NSAIDs; beta-blockers; antimalarials

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What is first line mx of psoriasis?

topical vit D analogue e.g calcipotriol; emollients ; coal tar

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What is second line mx fo psoriasis?

topical steroids; retinoids or dithranol

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What should you be careful about with dithranol?

avoid on normal skin and sensitive areas

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Which patients are most likely to get intraventricular haemorrhages?

premature

How does hyperparathyroidism cause peptic ulcers?

increased calcium increased gastrin and ACh release

Waht is the effect on clotting and platelets with henoch schonelien purpura?

normal

What is the visual defect with retinitis pigementosa?

tunnel vission

What is the visual field defect seen with internal capsular infarction?

homonymous hemianopia

what is the mechanism of atropine?

anticholinergic

What ANCA is associated with Wegeners

cANCA

What ANCA is assocaited with EGPA and microscopic polyangiits?

pANCA

What other inflamatory condition is assocaited with pANCA?

What drugs can be used in the mx of delirium tremens?

diazepam; beta-blockers; clonidine; carbamazepine and neuroleptics

What type of epithelium is seen at the transformation zone of the cervix?

non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium

What is the epithelium in the uterus?

simple columnar epithelium

Waht is the effect of ciprofloxacin on warfarin?

prolongs the INR

What hormone produced by the placenta is lactogenic; regulates glucose metabolism and promotes fat breakdown?

human placental lactogen

When is puncate basophilia seen?

lead poisoning and beta thal

What causes pseudobulbar palsy?

bilateral UMN lesions

Waht is seen with Patterson-Kelly-Brown syndrome?

post-cricoid web

What is a SE of alpha-methyl dopa?

haemolytic anaemia

Which complement deficiencies are assocaited iwht HSP?

C1-4 deficiency

What is the prognosis of FSGS | ?

chronic renal failure in 50%

What are the viral causes of FSGS?

HIV; parvovirus B19; CMV; EBV

What drugs can cause FSGS?

heroin; IFN; lithium; pamidronate; anabolic steroids; calcineurin inhibitors

What is the treatment for glucocorticoid resistant FSGS?

calcineurin inhibitor

Is FSGS nephrotic or nephritic?

nephrotic

What is seen in the limb O/E with neck of femur #?

short, externally rotated limb

What level is the angle of Louis?

T4/5

At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?

When should extra precautions with the COC with antibiotic use be taken?

3 weeks

What drug for thyrotoxicosis should be used in the first trimester?

PTU

What drug should be used for hyperthyroidism in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters?

carbimazole

What is cheiropopholyx?

form of eczema that affects the palms and soles and presents with blistering

Is the diagnosis pemphigus or pemphigoid if there are intact blisters>

pemphigoid

Why is there increased PT and APTT in DIC>

consumption of caogulation factors

What i first line invesigation for renal carcinoma?

ultrasound

What is the investigation for renal artery stenosis?

doppler US

what temp are platelets stored at?

room-22 degrees

what temp are red cells stored at?

4 degrees

What temp is FFP and cryoprecipitate stored at?

-20

What is Jervell-Lange-Neilson syndrome?

deafness and long QT syndrome

What is the cause of white breath holding?

extreme vagal response

What is the final stage of electron transport chain?

reduction of oxygen to water

When does tubulointerstitial nephritis tend to occur?

within the first few days to months of taking a drug

What other name is drug induced TIN known as?

allergic interstitial nephritis

What is seen on bloods with allergic interstitial nephritis?

raised IgE and eosinophilia

How can drug induced and other causes of TIN be differentiated on bloods?

drug induced- eosinophilia whereas other causes don't

What is misoprostol?

PG analogue

What are the actions of misoprostol?

induction of labour; dilatation of the cervix; expulsion of products of conception

What is hte maximum time since the LMP for mifepristone?

49 days

What is the function of mifepristone?

partial agonist of progesterone; inhibits ovulation; sensitises endometrium to action of PGs

What is the primary mode of action of dianette?

testosterone receptor antagonist

What is seen on imaging with fibromuscular dysplasia?

string of beads with multiple obstructions and dilatations

What is fibromuscular dysplasia associatedi wht?

carotid artery abnormalities; ehler-danlos syndrome and marfans syndrome

When do calcium phosphate stones form?

in resposne to hypercalciuria

What solute is used to monitor dialysis adequacy?

urea

What is the mechanism of clomiphene citrate?

selective oestrogen receptor modulator

What is the function of clomiphene citrate in PCOS infertility?

inhibits negative feedback on the hypothalamus

Why is spironolactone used in PCOS?

potent antagonist at androgen receptors and reduces secondary virilisation

What is volume of distritbution equal to?

amount of drug in body/plasma conc.

What is hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia caharacterised by?

small dilated blood vessels on the oral and nasal mucosa

Why does cyanosis occur in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia?

pulmonary AVM

What is alogia?

lack of spontaneous speech

What is Asherman's syndrome?

intrauterine adhesions/scarring or synechiae

What is the end of the nerve fibre at the NMJ called?

motor end palte

What neurotransmitter is found at the NMJ?

ACh

Which muscles are typically affected first in myasthenia gravis?

eyes; mouth and throat

What is a cause of spontaneous hypoglycaemia?

SU and insulinoma

How is spontanoues hypoglycaemia proved?

prolonged fast

What is Anton's syndrome?

patient denies blind despite evidence to the contrary

What is the effect on premenstrual syndrome with progesterone contraception?

exacerabtes

How long is amenorrhea needded before pramture menopause diagnosis can be made?

12 months

What does SAC in yolk sac stand for?

Schiller-duval bodies; increased AFP; children

What do schiller duval bodies look like?

glomerulus or fried egg

What does dysGERMANoma mean?

increased LDH and hcg- flag has 3 colours

In a young patient with signs of both ovarian cancer adn hyperthyroidism what should ou think of?

teratoma- can produce thryoid tissue

What is Meigs triad?

fibroma; ascites and pleural effusion

How can fibroma and meigs triad be remembered?

fiBROma- who drinks loads of beer--beer belly looks like ascites

Sertoli-LeyDIG tumours are associated iwth what histologically?

leyDIG for crystals (Reinke) (also virilisation cause of androgens)

What is the mnemonic for granulosa theca cell tumours?

call Granny Exner- granulosa associated iwth call-exner bodies

What hormone is increased in granulosa cell tumours?

oestrogen

What is Brenner tumour?

=bladder-like

What often precedes ITP?

recent infection

What is the function of ADAMTS13?

inhibits vWF

What is the classic cell with TTP?

shistiocytes

Waht is the mnemonic for TTP

the terrible pentad

What is the terrible pentad of TTP?

fever; neurologic; renal; anaemia; platelets

What is the problem in TTP?

reduced ADAMTS13 resulting in reduced vWF

What is the mnemonic for E.coli HUS?

Haemolysis; Uraemia; Stomach virus

What is seen on peripheral smear with ITP?

large platelets