DNA Flashcards
Mendel’s experiment
He would cross-breed short and tall stemmed plants
The first generation had all tall-stemmed
He interbreeded again and 3/4 were tall and 1/4 short
Showed that there were two characteristics with tall dominant and short recessive
Human genome project
1990-2003
Aimed to provide a complete sequence of the 3 billion DNA pairs and 20,000-25,000 genes that make up the human genome
Collected many samples but only 2 male and 2 female were used and over 70% from one man
Human genome project advantages
Take steps to stop a possible disease
Design medicine for a particular person
More accurate diagnosis
Improve forensic science
Disadvantages
Design individual poison
Insurance will be more expensive or not cover a disease someone is likely to have
People with genetic problems are scared to not have children
Increased stress if you are likely to have a disease
DNA
Double helix
Sugar-phosphate “back bone”
Cytosine and Guanine
Thymine and Ademine
RNA
Single helix Sugar-phosphate back bone Cytosine Adenine Guanine Uracil (different)
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Codon
Transcription
Translation
A set of three bases
Copying
Converting
Protein synthesis
Enzymes recreate a gene so the mRNA can exit the nucleus for the cytoplasm
It joins with the rRNA
the codon creates a specific tRNA
It creates the correct protein
Mutations
Creates the wrong base in the copy
Adds an extra base in the copy
Misses a base in the copy
How dna codes for things
The order of bases determines the order of amino acids
Each amino acid is coded for by 3 bases
They are joined together to make proteins
Non-coding parts turn genes on and off
Protein synthesis
mRNA copies dna and takes it to the ribosome
tRNA takes it to the rRNA in the correct order of amino acids
