Chem test 3 Flashcards
what are the 4 main classes of biomolecules?
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
what is the main energy source for biological function?
carbohydrates
what are macromolecules responsible for many essential biological functions including DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport?
proteins
what are hydrophobic structures responsible for membrane structure and energy storage?
lipids
what are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information?
nucleic acids
what are a highly oxygenated, polyhydroxylated species that are a primary source of energy for the body through metabolism to ATP( glycolysis)
carbohydrates
what suffix denotes a sugar compound?
-ose
what is a one sugar unit?
monosaccaride
what is a two sugar unit?
disaccharide
what is a multiple sugar unit?
what is an example?
polysaccharide
cellulose
what are simple sugars?
straight chains of sugars that are easily broken down
what are complex sugars?
sugars with branch chains that are more difficult to break down
how do we classify carbohydrates?
carbonyl Type:
-Aldehyde=aldose
-ketone=ketose
carbon number:
-three= triose
-four= tetrose
-five= pentose
-six= hexose
Stereoisomer(look at the last hydroxyl group)
right side = D-sugar (all natural sugars)
Left side= L-sugar (synthetic/man made)
what is a Fischer projection?
open-form of a sugar or other compound
longest carbon chain exists on the vertical
** carbonyl group is on top
** hydoxymethyl is at the bottom
hydroxyl groups placed on either the left or right side. The last OH determines if it is a D or L sugar. The ones above that helps us differentiate between different types of sugars (glucose vs galactose)
what is the Haworth projections?
closed form of the sugar
last hydroxyl group “cyclizes” on to the carbonyl group to form a ring
other hydroxyl groups are placed “above” (pointing up) or “below” (pointing down) corresponding the stereochemistry in the Fischer projection
what is an epimer?
a diastereomer when only 1 stereocenters has changed
usually the first hydroxyl group
In a Fischer to Haworth, if the OH group is on the right in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth
down
In a Fischer to Haworth, if the OH group is on the left in Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth
up
In a Fischer to Haworth, if the CH2OH (hydroxymethyl) group is found on the D sugar in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth
up
in a Fischer to Haworth, if the CH2OH (Hydroxymethyl) group is found on the L sugar in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth
down
alpha anomer occurs when the OH group is facing
down
beta anomer occurs when the OH group is facing
up
only use alpha and beta anomer when talking about which projection?
Haworth
If the anomeric carbon on an anomer is pointing down, it is the ________ anomer
alpha
what is the anomeric carbon?
The carbon directly next to the ring oxygen. Usually on the right side
CH2OH always gets the _____ number in the Haworth structure
highest
all individual sugar units that are bound to another individual sugar unit, are bound by a ____________
Glycosidic bond
What are the steps to naming a disaccharide?
Find the anomeric carbon and determine if it is pointing up or down.
up=beta
down=alpha
then decide which number carbon in the second sugar it has formed a bond with.
Name with the direction and then the carbon numbers.
i.e. Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond
what are the 3 parts of amino acids?
amine functional group
carboxylic acid functional group
side chain
—non-polar(hydrocarbon)
—polar (alcohols, amides, thiols)
— acid/basic(carboxylic acids, amines)
what is the naturally occurring amino acid
L isomer
what is a bond between 2 amino acid fragments?
peptide bonds. This is an amide bond (carbonyl group connecting a C and N).
(these are amide bonds but referred to as peptide bonds when talking about amino acids)
what is the beginning point in a peptide chain called?
N-terminus
the beginning amine functional group
what is the ending point in a peptide chain called?
C=terminus
the ending carboxylic acid functional group
If you have a large cyclic molecule and you want to figure out how many amino acid groups there are within it, what do you do?
count the amide groups
what is special about an amide bond having hindered rotation?
It leads to a well-defined structure for proteins. Most single bonds have rotation around them, meaning most peptide structures are going to be linear where other single bonds are going to have turns.
proline leads to _______ in amino acid structures. Why?
turns
because proline is the only amino acid with N in it’s ring, locking the N in.
What is the monomeric unit of a carbohydrate?
sugar
What is the monomeric unit of a protein?
amino acid
What is the monomeric unit of a lipid?
fatty acid
What is the monomeric unit of a nucleotide?
nucleic acid
If the last hydroxyl group on a Fischer projection of a sugar is found on the right side, which stereoisomerism is it?
D sugar
If the last hydroxyl group on a Fischer projection of a sugar is found on the left side, which stereoisomerism is it?
L sugar
what does the stereoisomerism L mean?
Levorotatory meaning left or counterclockwise
what does the stereoisomerism D mean?
dextrorotatory meaning right or clockwise
Diastereomers and Epimers are completely different __________
where enantiomers are different ______
molecules (glucose vs allose)
versions of the same compound (D ribose vs L ribose)
If the anomeric carbon on an anomer is pointing up, it is the ________ anomer
Beta
Are Anomers diastereomers?
no, anomers can only be assigned when in the Haworth projection, where diastereomers are assigned when in the Fischer projections. Diastereomers are 2 different sugars but anomers are just different forms of the same sugar.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Its sequence of amino acids
How many levels are there of protein structures?
4
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone. Held together with intermolecular forces
alpha helix
beta sheets
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
unique three-dimensional shape as a whole.
caused by bending and folding of the protein backbone and lends to the function of the protein
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
arrangement of multiple subunits(tertiary structures) into a larger structure held together by the same forces found in the tertiary structure. This structure leads to the proteins ACTUAL FUNCTION
what are the three main function areas of lipids?
energy storage
membrane structure
chemical signaling
What are the different structural types that lipids are grouped into?
fatty acids
glycerides
non-glycerides
complex
what is a saturated fatty acid?
has no double bonds
what is an unsaturated fatty acid?
has double bonds
what does a fatty acid look like?
an even number of carbons tail group with a carboxylic acid head group
what does cis refer to?
having the functional groups on the same side of the double bond (similar to the Z arrangement).
What does trans refer to?
having the functional groups on the opposite sides of the double bond (similar to the E arrangement).
what is an eicosanoid?
a type of fatty acid: a structurally related hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from arachidonic acid that are found in almost all cells and tissues and plays many roles in biological functions.
what are prostaglandins involved in?
injury/illness response
what are leukotrienes involved in?
allergic response
what are Thromboxanes involved in?
platelet aggregation
what are glycerides?
biomolecules containing a 3 membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid.
Typical fats and oils
what do glycerides do?
energy storage
cell membrane lipid bilayers
what is a neutral glyceride?
triglyceride
what is an example of an ionic glyceride?
phosphoglyceride
what are the 3 subtypes of non-glycerides?
sphingolipids
steroids
waxes
what type of structure is this?
what does it do?
sphingolipid
CNS compound involved in tissue development
what type of structure is this?
what does it do?
steroids
responsible for signaling various biological functions
what type of structure is this?
what does it do?
waxes
protective in nature, found on birds and bugs
what is a complex lipid structure?
bonded to other types of molecules
lipoproteins
-carry fats or cholesterols throughout the body
glycolipids
part of the cell wall membrane, maintains membrane stability and facilitates intercellular interactions. Act as a site for pathogens to enter the cells (viruses)
What are the components of a nucleic acid?
heteroaromatic base
ribose sugar
phosphate group
what do nucleic acids do?
DNA(transcription)
RNA (translation)
What structure is this?
nucleic acid
