Chem test 3 Flashcards by Rae Perry

what are the 4 main classes of biomolecules?

carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

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what is the main energy source for biological function?

carbohydrates

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what are macromolecules responsible for many essential biological functions including DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzymatic reactions, and membrane transport?

proteins

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what are hydrophobic structures responsible for membrane structure and energy storage?

lipids

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what are macromolecules responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information?

nucleic acids

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what are a highly oxygenated, polyhydroxylated species that are a primary source of energy for the body through metabolism to ATP( glycolysis)

carbohydrates

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what suffix denotes a sugar compound?

-ose

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what is a one sugar unit?

monosaccaride

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what is a two sugar unit?

disaccharide

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what is a multiple sugar unit?
what is an example?

polysaccharide
cellulose

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what are simple sugars?

straight chains of sugars that are easily broken down

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what are complex sugars?

sugars with branch chains that are more difficult to break down

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how do we classify carbohydrates?

carbonyl Type:
-Aldehyde=aldose
-ketone=ketose

carbon number:
-three= triose
-four= tetrose
-five= pentose
-six= hexose

Stereoisomer(look at the last hydroxyl group)
right side = D-sugar (all natural sugars)
Left side= L-sugar (synthetic/man made)

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what is a Fischer projection?

open-form of a sugar or other compound
longest carbon chain exists on the vertical
** carbonyl group is on top
** hydoxymethyl is at the bottom
hydroxyl groups placed on either the left or right side. The last OH determines if it is a D or L sugar. The ones above that helps us differentiate between different types of sugars (glucose vs galactose)

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what is the Haworth projections?

closed form of the sugar
last hydroxyl group “cyclizes” on to the carbonyl group to form a ring

other hydroxyl groups are placed “above” (pointing up) or “below” (pointing down) corresponding the stereochemistry in the Fischer projection

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what is an epimer?

a diastereomer when only 1 stereocenters has changed

usually the first hydroxyl group

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In a Fischer to Haworth, if the OH group is on the right in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

down

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In a Fischer to Haworth, if the OH group is on the left in Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

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In a Fischer to Haworth, if the CH₂OH (hydroxymethyl) group is found on the D sugar in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

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in a Fischer to Haworth, if the CH₂OH (Hydroxymethyl) group is found on the L sugar in the Fischer projection then it will be pointed _____ on the Haworth

down

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alpha anomer occurs when the OH group is facing

down

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beta anomer occurs when the OH group is facing

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only use alpha and beta anomer when talking about which projection?

Haworth

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If the anomeric carbon on an anomer is pointing down, it is the ________ anomer

alpha

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what is the anomeric carbon?

The carbon directly next to the ring oxygen. Usually on the right side

CH₂OH always gets the _____ number in the Haworth structure

highest

all individual sugar units that are bound to another individual sugar unit, are bound by a ____________

Glycosidic bond

What are the steps to naming a disaccharide?

Find the anomeric carbon and determine if it is pointing up or down. up=beta down=alpha then decide which number carbon in the second sugar it has formed a bond with. Name with the direction and then the carbon numbers. i.e. Beta-1,4 glycosidic bond

what are the 3 parts of amino acids?

amine functional group carboxylic acid functional group side chain ---non-polar(hydrocarbon) ---polar (alcohols, amides, thiols) --- acid/basic(carboxylic acids, amines)

what is the naturally occurring amino acid

L isomer

what is a bond between 2 amino acid fragments?

peptide bonds. This is an amide bond (carbonyl group connecting a C and N). (these are amide bonds but referred to as peptide bonds when talking about amino acids)

what is the beginning point in a peptide chain called?

N-terminus the beginning amine functional group

what is the ending point in a peptide chain called?

C=terminus the ending carboxylic acid functional group

If you have a large cyclic molecule and you want to figure out how many amino acid groups there are within it, what do you do?

count the amide groups

what is special about an amide bond having hindered rotation?

It leads to a well-defined structure for proteins. Most single bonds have rotation around them, meaning most peptide structures are going to be linear where other single bonds are going to have turns.

proline leads to _______ in amino acid structures. Why?

turns because proline is the only amino acid with N in it's ring, locking the N in.

What is the monomeric unit of a carbohydrate?

sugar

What is the monomeric unit of a protein?

amino acid

What is the monomeric unit of a lipid?

fatty acid

What is the monomeric unit of a nucleotide?

nucleic acid

If the last hydroxyl group on a Fischer projection of a sugar is found on the right side, which stereoisomerism is it?

D sugar

If the last hydroxyl group on a Fischer projection of a sugar is found on the left side, which stereoisomerism is it?

L sugar

what does the stereoisomerism L mean?

Levorotatory meaning left or counterclockwise

what does the stereoisomerism D mean?

dextrorotatory meaning right or clockwise

Diastereomers and Epimers are completely different __________ where enantiomers are different ______

molecules (glucose vs allose) versions of the same compound (D ribose vs L ribose)

If the anomeric carbon on an anomer is pointing up, it is the ________ anomer

Beta

Are Anomers diastereomers?

no, anomers can only be assigned when in the Haworth projection, where diastereomers are assigned when in the Fischer projections. Diastereomers are 2 different sugars but anomers are just different forms of the same sugar.

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Its sequence of amino acids

How many levels are there of protein structures?

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

The fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone. Held together with intermolecular forces alpha helix beta sheets

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

unique three-dimensional shape as a whole. caused by bending and folding of the protein backbone and lends to the **function** of the protein

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

arrangement of multiple subunits(tertiary structures) into a larger structure held together by the same forces found in the tertiary structure. This structure leads to the proteins **ACTUAL FUNCTION**

what are the three main function areas of lipids?

energy storage membrane structure chemical signaling

What are the different structural types that lipids are grouped into?

fatty acids glycerides non-glycerides complex

what is a saturated fatty acid?

has no double bonds

what is an unsaturated fatty acid?

has double bonds

what does a fatty acid look like?

an even number of carbons tail group with a carboxylic acid head group

what does cis refer to?

having the functional groups on the same side of the double bond (similar to the Z arrangement).

What does trans refer to?

having the functional groups on the opposite sides of the double bond (similar to the E arrangement).

what is an eicosanoid?

a type of fatty acid: a structurally related hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from arachidonic acid that are found in almost all cells and tissues and plays many roles in biological functions.

what are prostaglandins involved in?

injury/illness response

what are leukotrienes involved in?

allergic response

what are Thromboxanes involved in?

platelet aggregation

what are glycerides?

biomolecules containing a 3 membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid. Typical fats and oils

what do glycerides do?

energy storage cell membrane lipid bilayers

what is a neutral glyceride?

triglyceride

what is an example of an ionic glyceride?

phosphoglyceride

what are the 3 subtypes of non-glycerides?

sphingolipids steroids waxes

what type of structure is this? what does it do?

sphingolipid CNS compound involved in tissue development

what type of structure is this? what does it do?

steroids responsible for signaling various biological functions

what type of structure is this? what does it do?

waxes protective in nature, found on birds and bugs

what is a complex lipid structure?

bonded to other types of molecules lipoproteins -carry fats or cholesterols throughout the body glycolipids part of the cell wall membrane, maintains membrane stability and facilitates intercellular interactions. **Act as a site for pathogens to enter the cells (viruses)**

What are the components of a nucleic acid?

heteroaromatic base ribose sugar phosphate group

what do nucleic acids do?

DNA(transcription) RNA (translation)

What structure is this?

nucleic acid