Chem test 3 Flashcards
In an organic bond angle structure, what does 2 lines coming together mean?
that there is a carbon where they connect.
what are the bond-angle formula rules for atoms?
- carbon atoms are not drawn, unless trying to show something specific
- hydrogen bonds are not drawn unless attached to: N,O,S,P
or when showing something specific - heteroatoms are always drawn (N,O,S,P)
- Halogen atoms are always drawn
bascially if it isn’t carbon, you have to draw it
what are the bond-angle formula rules for bonds?
- all bonds between carbons are drawn
- next bond “angles” away from previous bond
- bonds between carbon and heteroatoms may or may not be drawn. Ex: drawn when part of a ring or chain, may not drawn when attached to a chain or ring
- bonds between heteroatoms and hydrogens may be drawn
- lone pair electrons are not drawn unless showing something specific
what does R mean?
an undefined carbon atom. Not important
for heteroatoms and hallogens, the remaining valence is made of
lone pair electrons
we assume that the valence in a carbon is made of
hydrogen atoms
what is a condensed group?
a condensed functional group
formal charge formula:
valence-lonepair-1/2bond
what is the bonding pattern of carbon?
+1 = 3 bond
neutral= 4 bonds
-1= 3 bonds 1 lone pair
what is the bonding pattern of nitrogen?
+1 = 4 bond
neutral= 3 bonds 1 lone pair
-1= 2 bonds 2 lone pair
what is the bonding pattern of oxygen?
+1 = 3 bonds 1 lone pair
neutral= 2 bonds 2 lone pair
-1= 1 bonds 3 lone pair
what is the bonding pattern of X?
what are the X’s?
+1 = 2 bonds 2 lone pair
neutral= 1 bonds 3 lone pair
-1= 4 lone pair
halogens, Cl, Br, I NOT F
what is the Alkane functional group?
C-C
what is the Alkene functional group?
C=C
what is the Alkyne functional group?
C triple bond C
what is the Halide functional group?
C-X
what is the alcohol functional group?
C-OH
what is the ether functional group?
C-O-C
what is the thiol functional group?
C-SH
what is the sulfide functional group?
C-S-R
what is the Amine functional group?
C-N
what is the Carbonyl functional group?
C=O not identified on it’s own, is found in aldehydes, ketones, esters, amides, carboxylic acid
what is a carbonyl attached to a carbon and hydrogen?
aldehyde
what is a carbonyl attached to 2 carbon atoms?
ketone
what is a carbonyl attached to carbon and ether
esters
what is a carbonyl attached to carbon and amine
amide
what is a carbonyl attached to a carbon and alcohol
carboxylic acid
what is the parent chain?
the longest chain of carbons containing the highest priority functional group
what is a substituent?
anything that attaches to the parent chain
what is the goal when numbering the atoms in the parent chain?
ensure the highest priority group substituent has the lowest possible number. When there are multiple substituents with similar priorities, ensure the lowest possible number on both
what are the two types of stereocenters?
tetrahedral carbons- carbon with 4 different groups attached to it
alkenes- things with a double bond
how to name an organic compound
(stereochemistry) (substituents in alphabetical order) (parent chain)
when you number things, we keep rings and chains _____
separate. if a chain attaches to a ring, the carbon belongs to the ring
what do you add the to beginning of the name if the parent chain is a ring?
cyclo
what are the systematic prefixes for carbon numbers?
1-meth
2-eth
3-prop
4-but
5-pent
6-hex
7-hept
8-oct
9-non
10-dec
11-undec
12-dodec
what is the parent chain prioritization?
alkenes
alkynes
alkanes
what is octanol?
an 8 carbon chain alcohol. this mirrors the BBB
alkynes are weird in that they don’t always ____
bend, they are linear in nature
how to identify substituents
count the number of carbons and use carbon prefixes.
add substituent suffixes
what is the suffix for a alkane substituent?
-yl
what is the suffix for a alkene substituent?
-enyl
what is the suffix for a alkyne substituent?
-ynyl
what are the special substituents?
isopropyl
t-butyl
sec-butyl
isobutyl
what is this?
isopropyl
what is this?
T-butyl
what is this?
secbutyl
what is this?
isobutyl
if there are multiple substituents of the same type, use which prefixes?
2-di
3-tri
4-tetra
5-penta
6-hexa
7-hepta
What is the order or priority for substituted benzenes? Lowest to highest
Toluene
Cumene
Styrene
Phenol
Anisole
Aniline
How do you make a soap?
Adding the ester of the glycerine to the carboxylic acid of the fatty acid head
