A&P Test 2 Flashcards
What is the pain neuron?
Free nerve endings
What is the most important sensory neuron for us?
free nerve endings
What is adaptation of the sensory neurons?
The resetting of the neurons to a “new normal”
What is reverse adaptation in a neuron?
When a stimulus becomes stronger over time instead of us getting used to it. This happens in pain.
Why should you take prescribed pain mediations after surgery?
Because Nociceptors have reverse adaptation
How can you prevent a pain response?
By blocking the nerves
Superior
up
inferior
down
dorsal
back
ventral
front
Anatomical positions are named based on what position of a body?
standing facing you with palms facing forward
anterior
frontp
posterior
back
medial
towards the middle
lateral
away form the middle
rostral
Front and towards the top
Caudal/Caudad
down and towards the rear
distal
away from CNS
Proximal
Towards the CNS
Sagittal
separates the left and right sides
coronal
separates the front from back
Horizontal
separates the top from the bottom
Oblique
an odd angle separating 2 parts
Telencephalon
Outer part of the brain
Diencephalon
Inner part of the brain
The diencephalon serves as the connecting point between
The cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem
What is found in the telencephalon?
Cerebral cortex
Commisurals
basal ganglia
What makes up the cerebral cortex?
cerebral hemispheres or lobes
What is located in the diencephalon?
Thalamus
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is where in relation to the thalamus?
Underneath or deep
What is the thalamus important for?
It’s an important relay center between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem and the rest of the body
The hypothalamus is super important for a
lot of critical functions within the body including
Sensory
control center for a lot of things
Where are osmoreceptors found?
in the hypothalamus
What are the receptors found in the hypothalamus?
infection sensors
body temperature sensors
osmoreceptors
Where is the brain stem located?
right below the diencephalon
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
What is another name for the midbrain?
mesencephalon
what does the pons look like?
an olive
What is a groove named on the brain?
sulcus
What is beneath the medulla oblongata?
The cord
What is the difference between a sulcus and a fissure?
fissure is a deep groove
sulcus is not a deep groove
What are the lumps of tissue called on the brain between the sulci?
Gyrus
What is the multiple of a gyrus?
gyri
What are gyri made of?
lumps of neurons and supporting tissue
What are the 4 major lobes of the brain?
Frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
Where do we do most of our thinking?
Frontal lobe
What is right behind the frontal lobe?
parietal lobe
What is the parietal lobe?
the primary somatosensory cortex
This is where majority of sensations are processed
Where is the occipital lobe and what does it do?
In the rear of the brain
It is where vision is processed
“the primary visual cortex”
Where is the temporal lobe?
The lateral side of the brain right next to where our ears are
What does the temporal lobe do?
It processes stuff that we hear
language comprehension
listening to music
What separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?
a very very deep groove called the central sulcus
What is the main anatomical marker when you are dissecting a human brain?
the central sulcus
Which deep groove is beneath the central sulcus?
The temporal lateral fissure
What does the temporal lateral fissure separate?
the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
What runs down the sagittal plane and separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
The longitudinal fissure. It runs from the front of the brain to the back
Label this image
Label this image
Label the yellow and blue highlighted sections
Yellow: Motor Cortex
Blue: Sensory Cortex
Label this image including the highlighted sections
Yellow: Longitudinal Fissure
Blue: temporal lateral fissures
Red: Corpus Callosum
Green: deep brain structures including the diencephalon
What is limiting the right side of the brain from talking to the left side of the brain?
the longitudinal fissure separates most of the brain leaving only a small amount of space for a continual structure called the corpus callosum for information to pass from one side to the other
What structure has to be cut in order to view when cutting the brain in a sagittal cross section?
The Corpus callosum
Why is the corpus callosum a different color when cut sagittaly?
There are a lot of myelinated neurons
What is the specific area in the temporal lobe where language comprehension and intelligence is taken care of?
Wernicke’s area
Why is the Broca’s area found in the frontal lobe?
Because we have to think about what we are going to say, and the action of talking is a Motor function both of which are found in the frontal lobe
What is the part of the brain where we think about what we’re going to say, controlling our voice box and respiratory system?
Broca’s Area
Where is the motor cortex located?
The most posterior part of the frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus
It is the pre-cetentral gyrus
Where is the Samatosensory area located?
Anterior gyrus of the parietal lobe
post central gyrus
What is the limbic system responsible for?
Developing emotional responses to things that are happening around them
Where is the limbic system?
Temporal lobe AND also widespread throughout a number of areas in the brain
Why is the limbic system important for CRNA’s?
If people are in pain for long periods of time, and if your emotions start being involved in pain, usually it’s perceived to be much much worse an injury or situation.
How wide is the spinal cord?
Not any wider than a quarter
What are the lighter areas called on a cross section of the spinal cord?
White matter
What are the darker areas called on a cross section of the spinal cord?
Gray matter
What is the gray matter made up of in the spinal cord?
Non-myelinated neurons and lots of cell bodies
Why is the white matter white in the spinal cord?
myelinated neurons
Gray matter makes up the
thinking part of the CNS
White matter _______ decisions made by the gray matter around the system
transmits
Where are reflex decisions made?
In the grey matter of the spinal cord
The outer layer of the cerebral cortex is made up of _______ matter
Grey
The inner layer of the cerebral cortex is made up of _______ matter
White
What is one good thing about having the grey matter on the outside of the cerebral cortex?
Blood vessels sit right outside of the grey matter so they don’t have to send blood very far to supply the grey matter
What is one bad thing about having the grey matter on the outside of the cerebral cortex?
If we hit out head and our brain hits the inside of our skull, it can give us a concussion and temporarily or permanently damage part of our grey matter, and then we don’t have the thinking processes that we once had
What is the body’s protection for the brain from the skull?
the brain is suspended in CSF creating a buffer
For people that have damage to the grey areas, how can they recover?
Sometimes the matter is regenerated, and sometimes neighboring tissues can adapt and take over that part’s functions
What is the grey area called in the spinal cord where information can be sent from the left side to right side and vice versa?
Lamina 10
What are the white areas called in front and behind Lamina 10?
Anterior white commissar (AWC)
Posterior white commmissar
What does commissar mean?
connecting
a place where things can cross
It is very rare for things to not
cross over to the other side of the brain
(01:26:18 Lecture 3)
What is the deep groove in the back of the spinal cord called?
Posterior median fissure
What is the deep groove in the front of the spinal cord called?
Anterior median fissure
Which is bigger: Anterior median fissure or Posterior median fissure
Anterior median fissure
Why is the Anterior median fissure bigger than the Posterior median fissure?
A large arterial blood vessel sits there
What is the tiny hole called in the middle of the spinal cord?
Central Canal
What does the central canal do?
It is lined with ciliated cells that move CSF from the brain down the cord until the cord terminates
The anterior grey matter in the spinal cord is called the________ and looks
anterior horn; fat
The posterior grey matter in the spinal cord is called the_______ and looks
posterior horn; skinny
Sensory information is fed into the ______ of the spinal cord
dorsal horn
Motor information is sent from the ______ of the spinal cord
anterior horn
cell bodies in the dorsal horn probably have
sensory function
cell bodies in the anterior horn probably have
motor functions
Why is the orientation of the dorsal and anterior horns good for CRNA’s?
Because it is much easier to get to the sensory portion for epidurals and spinals.
What are the small projections in between the anterior and posterior horns called?
lateral horn
Where do the large vessels come from that feed into the spinal cord?
The arteries in between the ribs
intercostal arteries
How are arteries situated on the anterior and posterior sides of the spinal cord?
The anterior has one large, medial anterior spinal artery
the posterior has 2 lateral posterior spinal arteries
Sensory information that comes into the spinal cord comes in through
posterior rootles
Motor information that goes out of the spinal cord exits through
anterior rootlets
In what direction are spinal nerves situated on the spinal cord?
They attach horizontily
What is the pathway of sensory information from the spinal nerve?
information comes from the spinal nerve into the posterior root
goes into the Rootlets
comes into the Dorsal horn horizontilly
jumps into the white matter to be ascended to the brain stem or cord
Spinal nerves are made of _______________ and therefore have both___________ and __________ function
posterior and anterior rootlets;
sensory and motor
Label this image
A. Posterior median Sulcus
B. Dorsal Horn
C. Lamina 10
D. Central Canal
E. Anterior Commissar
F. Anterior horn
G. Anterior median sulcus
Label this image
A. Posterior rootlet
B. Posterior root with spinal ganglion
C. Spinal nerve
D. Anterior Root
E. Anterior rootlets
Where rootlets come together is called a
root
Where roots come together is called a
spinal nerve
What is a spinal ganglion?
a collection of cell bodies from a pseudo unipolar neuron
Where are spinal ganglion found?
in the posterior root because pseudo unipolar neurons are sensory neurons sending senses to the posterior root
What is this showing?
The ascending sensory columns
what is this image showing?
the descending motor pathways
How many cervical vertebra do we have?
7
How many thoracic vertebra do we have?
12
How many lumbar vertebra do we have?
5
How many sacral vertebra do we have?
5 at birth
1 as an adult
How many coccygeal vertebra do we have?
4 at birth
2 as an adult
How many cervical nerves do we have?
8
How many lumbar nerves do we have?
5
How many thoracic nerves do we have?
12
How many coccygeal nerves do we have?
1
Where is the first cervical nerve found?
superior to C1
After C1, where are each of the vertebrae’s nerves found?
below it’s associated vertebra with the exception of the sacrum.
the sacrum’s nerves are located inferior to where the pre-fused vertebra were.
What is the dermatome man?
a picture of the different regions of the body that are innervated by specific nerves
A normal adult spine forms a ____ shape
S
A baby’s spine has a _______ curvature
kyphotic
Anterior convex curvature is called _____ and is found in a normal adult spine in the
lordosis
neck and lumbar
posterior concave curvature is called _____ and is found in a normal adult spine in the
kyphosis
thoracic and sacral
What is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine called?
scoliosis
When you get a hunchback, you have
thoracic kyphosis
What is the most common combination of abnormal curvature that people have?
kyphoscoliosis
kyphosis and scoliosis
What determines if people get treated for scoliosis?
How it effects their lives. Surgery is the correction and has risks
Why can’t babies hold their head up?
they have lack of experience, their kyphotic spine anatomically does not support the weight of their head
What is the weight supporting structure of the spine?
Vertebral Body
The vertebral bodies are _______ at the top and get _______ as they go down
small- supports less weight
larger- supports a lot of weight
What is the U structure that encases the spinal cord?
Vertebral arch
What is the first part of the vertebral arch?
pedicle
What is the second part of the vertebral arch?
lamina
what is a process?
a bony extension
What is the palpable process of the spinal cord?
spinous process
What do bony extensions allow for?
a place for vetebra to connect to one another
Superior articular processes connect to
inferior articular processes of the vertebra above it
What are the processes called that stick out to each side of the vertebral arch?
Transverse Processes
Label this image
What does the inferior vertebral notch provide space for?
the spinal nerve to exit
What is the joint between an inferior articular process and a superior articular process called?
articular facet
What is coated on the articular facets?
cartilage
What is the cartilage on a facet joint for?
To keep bone from rubbing against bone. this wears down as we get older
What is the purpose of the vertebral foramen?
gives space for the spinal cord
An opening in anatomy is called a
foramen
Vast majority of our cervical vertebra have
a wide open vertebral foramen
a vertebral arch
body
superior articular process and facet
Specialized structures in the neck include
compound spinous processes
What is a compound spinous process?
a vertebra with 2 projections sticking out like a fork called a bifid spinous process
Which vertebra can you find a bifid spinous process on?
C2-C5
C6 has bifid spinous process ______ of the time
half
What percent of people of a bifid C7
.3 percent
Most people’s C7 is
Not bifid
transverse processes in the neck have
transverse foramens
What runs through transverse foramens
vertebral arteries
Do the vertebral arteries pass through C7?
No
Transverse processes in the neck have a groove, what is this for and what is it called?
a place for the spinal nerves to sit
a transverse process with sulcus for the spinal nerve
what is C1 called?
atlas
The vertebral opening in C1 is _______ than the others. why?
Bigger
Because the cord is bigger d/t more information needing to be sent at the top than at the bottom of the spinal cord.
Label this image
Label this image
Label this image
Why is C1 different?
It has to have special connections to fit into the base of the skull and C2
What is C2 called?
axis
How many sacral nerves do we have?
5
