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Fall 2024 > A&P Test 2 > Flashcards

A&P Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process that the body uses to suppress activity in the body?

A

Hyperpolarization

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2
Q

It requires more of a _______ to turn on a cell that is hyperpolarized.

A

stimulus, or positive charge

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3
Q

What is another name for a voltage gated calcium channel?

A

a slow calcium channel

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4
Q

What is an example of a voltage gated calcium channel antagonist?

A

Dihydropyridine drugs

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5
Q

Chloride plays an important role in the

A

nervous system

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6
Q

Typically, chloride permeability is adjusted to ___________ electrolytes.

A

Hyperpolarize, or suppress

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7
Q

What receptors in the body open up chloride channels in neurons?

A

GABA

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8
Q

Depolarization in cells are a type of

A

positive feed back

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9
Q

Depolarization is a ________ and therefore can go in either direction

A

2 way process

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10
Q

What is the fastest way to depolarize a cell?

A

starting in the middle and going around in opposite directions.

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11
Q

What are three examples of stimulation of a cell?

A

Through neurotransmitters
Through direct muscle stimulation (like a taser)
Through pressure

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12
Q

What are the neurons called that are specialized to talk to skeletal muscles?

A

Motor neurons

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13
Q

What are two examples of neurotransmitters?

A

mACh
nACh

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14
Q

What is nACh-R?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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15
Q

What is the space called between a motor neuron and a skeletal cell?

A

Neuro muscular junction

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16
Q

nACh has how many binding sites?

A

2

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17
Q

nACh receptors are specialized for

A

skeletal muscles
some are found in the brain though

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18
Q

How does nicotine affect a nACH-r?

A

Nicotine can bind and stimulate nACh receptors, producing tremors or shaking.

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19
Q

What is the target that’s found on skeletal muscle?

A

nACh receptors

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20
Q

What dictates the nACh receptor’s specificity?

A

negatively charged amino acids that line the inside of the channel

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21
Q

What is the most common electrolyte that is found going through a nACh receptor?

22
Q

What is the process when the brain wants to move a muscle?

A
  1. Brain sends neurotransmitter nACh down neurons to the skeletal muscle.
  2. nACh binds to nACh receptors on the skeletal muscles.
  3. Receptor opens up and allows a lot of Na+ and a little Ca++ into the cell as well as a tiny bit of K+ out of the cell
  4. Influx of positive ions creates a depolarization, which leads to a chain reaction by activating Fast Na+ channels.
  5. This allows more Na+ into the cell until muscle contracts.
23
Q

What is usually the initiating event for an action potential in a skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Brain sends neurotransmitter nACh down neurons to the skeletal muscle.
  2. nACh binds to nACh receptors on the skeletal muscles.
  3. Receptor opens up and allows a lot of Na+ and a little Ca++ into the cell as well as a tiny bit of K+ out of the cell

The influx of Na+ is the initiating event

24
Q

Where to paralytics work?

A

at the NMJ

25
What is mACh?
muscarinic ACh
26
Why is mACh called that?
because it corresponds to a compound called muscarine.
27
What is muscarine?
a chemical that is found in the rainforest
28
Where are mACh receptors found?
heart smooth muscle lungs
29
What do mACh receptors do in the heart?
They adjust pumping levels of the heart and electrical activity by controlling hyperpolarization
30
Where in the heart are mACh receptors found?
The pacing centers: AV node and SA node
31
Which nerve predominantly effects the SA node?
right vagus nerve
32
Which nerve predominantly effects the Av node?
left vagus nerve
33
What type of receptor is the mACh receptor?
GPCR
34
What is the neurotransmitter found in the heart that relates to the heart rate?
Acetylcholine
35
What is one effect the G-protein and alpha unit from a mACh receptor have on the cell after acetylcholine binds?
They communicate with the potassium channels and open them.
36
What is result of the mACh stimulating K+ receptors?
Potassium leaves the cell making the cell more negative, which overall makes the cell harder to excite
37
How often does a normal action potential happen in a mACh receptor in the heart?
70-72bpm
38
What does having "massive vagal stimulation" do in the heart?
It increases permeability of K+ which lets K+ out of the cell and therefore makes the cells in the SA and VA more negative and slows the heart down.
39
What does everyone use to keep the brakes on the heart?
acetylcholine mediated hyperpolarization
40
What is the side effect of an anti muscarinic drug?
higher heart rate
41
What is basal acetylcholine?
Acetylcholine that is found naturally in our body
42
What happens when you give atropine to a healthy person?
It speeds up their heart rate by blocking the normal vagus activity in the heart, showing that we have basal ACh
43
What would our heart rate be if the nervous system wasn't interferring?
110bpm
44
What are the two main types of muscarinic receptors in the heart?
muscarinic acetylcholine Receptor Beta receptor
45
mACh-r and B-r _________ each other
Antagonize. Basically, the more ACh activity, it negates any catacolamine activity and vise versa
46
How does pressure stimulate an action potential?
There are a lot of pressure sensitive sodium channels inside the sensor. When these are flattened out from pressure, the sodium channels are widened, allowing more Na+ to pass through them, making the cell more positive which generates an action potential.
47
What does the brain do in response to high pressure in our arteries?
adjusts our cardiac output and SVR
48
What is an example of a pressure sensor?
Baroreceptor
49
If we have enough pressure on our skin, what happens on the inside of our body?
If we have enough of a stimulus, the electrical activity at the sensor gets turned into an action potential, which then gets fed into a transmitting part of the neuron. This is then sent to the nervous system for processing in the form of action potentials.
50
If you have a lot of pressure on your skin you're going to have ____
a lot of rapid action potentials

Fall 2024 (86 decks)

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